tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27093032866094999612024-03-05T04:46:05.993-08:00INDUSTRI AYAM"Tiadalah (haiwan) yang melata di bumi dan tiada pula burung yang terbang dengan dua sayapnya melainkan semuanya itu umat seumpama kamu juga" Surah Al-An'aam 38abu nu'manhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16261474192936969275noreply@blogger.comBlogger23125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2709303286609499961.post-85173720226998970842017-01-09T20:17:00.000-08:002017-01-09T20:21:31.666-08:00Itik Penelur<table style="background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px;"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;">
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DI MANA TERDAPAT PERUSAHAAN ITIK TELUR ?</div>
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Negeri-negeri utama pengeluar telur itik ialah Kedah, Perlis dan Pulau Pinang. Bagi negeri-negeri Kedal, dan Perlis, perusahaan itik telur banyak didapati di kawasan yang berhampiran dengan pantai dan sawah padi. Laut yang berdekatan akan membekalkan ikan baja untuk sumber protin kepada itik telur dan beras hancur pula merupakan sumber tenaga yang mudah didapati bagi penternak yang berdekatan dengan sawah padi. Penternak yang tidak duduk berdekatan dengan pantai dan sawah padi boleh juga menternak itik telur ini. Pada masa sekarang makanan komersial yang lebih baik adalah mudah diperolehi. Malah penternak boleh mencampuri makanan itik telur mereka sendiri.</div>
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ADAKAH KOLAM AIR MESTI DISEDIAKAN UNTUK MEMELIHARA ITIK TELUR?</div>
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Itik telur memerlukan air yang secukupnya untuk minum. Kolam air adalah tidak diperlukan.</div>
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BAKA-BAKA ITIK TELUR YANG SESUAI DAN PENGELUARANNYA</div>
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Terdapat beberapa baka itik telur yang sesuai dipelihara oleh penternak-penternak. Baka dan pengeluaran telur bagi itikitik telur tersebut adalah seperti di Jadual 1. Jadual 1: Baka dan Pengeluaran Itik Telur Baka Berat Telur (gm) Bil. Telur setahun (52 minggu) Khaki Campbell Kacukan (Thailand) 70 260 - 274 biji Kortlang Khaki Campbell (U.K.) 70 300 - 320 biji Indian Runner 70 250 - 275 biji Cherry Valley C2000 75 275 - 280 biji Itik Jawa 65 180 - 200 biji</div>
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DARI MANA BAKA-BAKA ITIK TELUR INI BOLEH DIPEROLEHI ?</div>
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Pada masa sekarang terdapat dua (2) sumber utaria yang dapat membekalkan anak itik telur pada penternak. Pembekal yang mengimport anak itik telur dari luar negeri seperti dari negeri Thailand. Pusat penetasan anak itik telur tempatan.</div>
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Jabatan Perkhidmatan Haiwan, melalui Pusat Latihan Ternakan di Sungai Siput (Utara) ada memelihara indukbaka itik telur dan mempunyai unit penetasan yang mampu mengeluarkan anak itik telur dari baka Khaki Campbell.</div>
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BERAPAKAH HARGA SEEKOR ANAK ITIK ?</div>
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Harganya berbeza-beza. Biasanya di dalam lingkungan $0.80 - $2.00 seekor. Harga anak itik telur daripada Pusat Latihan Ternakan, Sungai Siput hanya $1.50 seekor dan hanya anak itik betina saja akan dibekalkan kepada penternak. Pastikan anak itik yang terdiri daripada baka yang baik sahaja digunakan walaupun anda terpaksa membayar dengan harga yang mahal sedikit. Anak itik yang murah adalah anak itik yang berkualiti rendah dan tidak akan mengeluarkan telur seperti yang dijangkakan.</div>
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ADAKAH ANAK ITIK BERUMUR SEHARI MEMERLUKAN API/LAMPU ?</div>
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Pengurusan anak itik yang baru sampai adalah hampir sama seperti memelihara anak ayam berumur sehari. Api/lampu hendaklah dihidupkan disebelah malam sehingga 10 hari untuk memanaskan badan anak itik tersebut.</div>
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APAKAH PANDUAN SEMASA MEMBERI MAKANAN KEPADA ITIK TELUR ?</div>
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Pada peringkat anak sehingga minggu ke 20, makanan komersial yang seimbang adalah digalakkan. Makanan yang scimbang akan menggalakkan pertumbuhan badan itik dan itik-itik akan bertelur pada masa yang dijangkakan. Ada penternak yang hanya memberi sisa nasi dan dedak padi pada masa ini. Cara pemberian makanan cara ini adalah didapati tidak sesuai.</div>
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Bagi itik yang sedang bertelur, makanan yang sering diberikan terbahagi kepada 3:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Makanan tradisional - dedak padi, beras hancur ikan baja.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Makanan campuran sendiri - penternak mencampurkan bahan-bahan mentah mengikut sukatansukatan tertentu seperti Hampas Kacang Soya, Beras Hancur, Serbuk Ikan dan lain-lain sebelum diberikan kepada itik yang sedang bertelur.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Makanan komersial - makanan ini dibeli di kedai pembekal makanan ayamitik dan boleh digunakan terus kepada itik telur. <br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> </li>
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BAGAIMANA MENDAPATKAN BERAT BADAN ITIK YANG SEIMBANG ?<br />
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Selain daripada memberi makanan yang bersukat, bekas makanan mestilah mencukupi. Cara mudah untuk mengetahui luas bekas makanan yang mencukupi atau tidak ialah dengan cara melihat itik-itik tersebut semasa diberi makan. Jika semua itik boleh makan screntak apabila diberi makanan, luas bekas makanan tersebut adalah baik dan mencukupi.</div>
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Scritiasa tambah panjang bekas makanan itik anda kerana itik yang telah besar memerlukan keluasan bekas makanan yang lebih besar. Berat badan itik sering tidak scimbang terutama diperingkat anak dan ini berlaku apabila keluasan bekas makanan dan makanan yang tidak mencukupi.</div>
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Tangkap anak-anak itik yang kecil dan asingkan dari yang telah besar. Tambah makanan 10-20 gm sehari untuk 1 - 2 minggu bagi anak itik yang kecil sehingga ia sama besar dengan kumpulan asalnya.</div>
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Apabila beratnya telah seimbang dengan kumpulan itik yang tidak bermasalah, berilah kuantiti makanan yang sama seperti yang telah dijadualkan. Jadual makanan itik telur yang teratur boleh didapati daripada Jabatan. Perkhidmatan Haiwan yang terdekat dengan anda.</div>
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MENGAPA MAKANAN ITIK TELUR BERSUKAT ?</div>
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Makanan yang diberi kepada itik telur mesti bersukat atau ditimbang terlebih dahulu. Makanan yang tidak mencukupi akan membantutkan pembesaran itik telur. Itik yang kurang makanan lambat besar dan tidak bertelur pada masa yang dijangkakan. Jika bertelur pun pengeluarannya adalah rendah.</div>
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Itik yang terlalu banyak menerima makanan pula akan terlalu cepat membesar. la akan bertelur terlalu awal, tetapi pengeluarannya rendah dan saiz telur adalah kecil. Itik-itik yang bertelur terlalu awal akan cepat berhenti daripada bertelur. Secara am, itik akan mula bertelur apabila telah mencapai berat badan 1.8 - 2.1 kg.</div>
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JIKA SAYA INGIN MENGGUNAKAN MAKANAN KOMERSIAL, APAKAH JENIS-JENIS YANG BOLEH SAYA GUNAKAN ?</div>
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Duck Starter Crumble 1 hari - 3 minggu.Duck Grower Pellet 4 minggu - 15 minggu Duck Layer Pellet 16 minggu ke atas.</div>
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JIKA SAYA INGIN MENCAMPUR MAKANAN ITIK SAYA SENDIRI, DARI MANA SAYA BOLEH PEROLEHI FORMULANYA?</div>
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Jabatan Perkhidmatan Haiwan Negeri atau Unit Ayamitik di Ibu Pejabat Perkhidmatan Haiwan, Kuala Lumpur ada menyimpan beberapa formula yang sesuai untuk tujuan tersebut. Sila hubungi pihak kami untuk mendapatkan formula tersebut</div>
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BERAPA BANYAKKAH SEEKOR ITIK TELUR YANG SEDANG BERTELUR MAKAN SEHARI ?</div>
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Jika anda menggunakan makanan yang kering seperti makanan komersial, seekor itik telur memerlukan 140 - 160 gm sehari. Jika makanan tersebut telah dibancuh dengan air, ia mestilah sekurang-kurangnya 175 - 200 gm sehari.</div>
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BILA ITIK TELUR MULA BERTELUR ?</div>
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Itik yang menerima makanan yang secukupnya melalui sukatan yang ditetapkan akan mula bertelur pada minggu ke 18 atau ke 19. Jika makanan tidak cukup, ia tidak bertelur walaupun telah berumur 25 minggu. Tetapi jika makanan terialu berlebihan, ia akan bertelur lebih awal walaupun hanya baru berumur 14 - 16</div>
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BERAPA LAMA ITIK BERTELUR ?</div>
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Ada penternak yang menyimpan itik mereka sehingga 3 tahun. Waktu bertelur yang paling sesuai adalah dalam lingkungan 2 tahun. Itik yang terlalu tua tidak boleh mengeluarkan telur yang menguntungkan.</div>
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JIKA KULIT TELUR ITIK KOTOR, BOLEHKAH DICUCI DENGAN AIR ?</div>
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Tidak boleh! Kulit telur mempunyai rongga yang halus yang akan membolehkan air dan kuman bakteria masuk ke dalam telur. Ini akan menyebabkan mutu telur itik menurun. Untuk mengelakkan kulit telur menjadi terlalu kotor, pastikan lantai reban dan bekas bertelur mestilah bersih dan kering.</div>
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SISTEM PERUMAHAN BAGI ITIK TELUR</div>
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Terdapat dua sistem perumahan yang boleh dijalankan oleh penternak. Sistem pengurusan yang intensif memerlukan sebuah reban di mana itik telur tidak keluar daripada reban tersebut. Bagi pengurusan yang separa intensif, itik telur dikurung di dalam reban pada sebelah malam dan dilepaskan di kawasan lapang di luar reban yang berpagar. Sistem ini adalah lebih sesuai bagi pentemak yang ingin menjalankan projek temakan itik telur.</div>
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LUAS LANTAI/TAPAK UNTUK REBAN TELUR ITIK ?</div>
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Kawasan yang diperlukan adalah mengikut sistem pengurusan yang diamalkan. Secara am, sistem intensif boleh memuatkan bilangan itik telur yang lebih tinggi bagi setiap meter persegi jika dibandingkan dengan sistem separa intensif.</div>
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Jadual 2 menyarikan keluasan reban yang diperlukan bagi itik Jadual 2 : Keluasan Reban - Itik Tetur Sistem Perumahan Umur Itik Telur 1 hari hingga 4 minggu 5 minggu hingga 20 minggu 20 minggu ke atas Intensif 10 ekor / m2 6 ekor / m2 4 - 5 ekor / m2 Separa Intensif 8 ekor / m2 7 ekor / m2 2 - 3 ekor / m2 Bagi Penternak yang mengamalkan sistem separa intensif, reban beratap yang luasnya 7m x 20m dengan kawasan luar yang berukuran 14m x 2Orn Pdalah sesuai untui 500 - 600 ekor itik.</div>
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BAGAIMANA MENJAMIN KULIT TELUR VANG BERSIH ?</div>
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Bekas atau tempat bertelur hendaklah bersih, kering dan mencukupi untuk itik bertelur. Jika sarap dari abok papan atau sekam padi digunakan di dalam bekas bertelur buang sarap yang 4)asah dan gantikan dengan yang kering. Ukuran bekas untuk bertelur ialah 40 x 4(1 x 30cm dan satu bekas sesuai untuk 5 ekor itik. Selain daripada itu, kawasan reban hendaklah dibersihkan selalu daripada sampah sarap dan najis itik agar ia sentiasa bersih dan kering.</div>
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DI MANAKAH TELUR ITIK BOLEH DIPASARKAN ?</div>
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Menjual telur itik sepatutnya tidak ada apa-apa masaalah, jika mutu adalah baik kerana selain daripada menjual sendiri, FAMA ada membeli telur itik, terutama di kawasan utara, iaitu di negeri Kedah dan Perlis.</div>
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APAKAH FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG DIAMBIL KIRA SEMASA PENJUALAN TELUR ITIK?</div>
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Bagi telur itik, berat dan warna kuning telur adalah faktor yang penting. Telur itik yang beratnya 65 gm ke atas dan warna kuning telur yang merah akan mendapat harga yang tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan telur yang beratnya rendah dan wama kuning telurnya yang pucat. Lain-lain faktor yang diambil kira ialah kebersihan dan kualiti kulit telur itik tersebut.</div>
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BAGAIMANA KUNING TELUR BOLEH DIMERAHKAN ?</div>
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Bagi pentemak yang mencampuri makanan itik telur mereka sendiri, kulit udang sering dicampurkan. Kulit udang mengandungi sejenis bahan pewama yang dikenal bebagai xan thophyll dan ia boleh memberi warna merah kepada kuning telur. Kulit udang adalah sukar diperolehi. Selain daripada kulit udang, pewarna sintetik juga sering digunakan. Pewarna tersebut dikenali sebagai "corophyll".</div>
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BAGAIMANA WARNA KUNING TELUR DITENTUKAN ?</div>
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Telur itik akan dipecahkan dahulu untuk melihat kuning telur. Kuning telur tersebut pula dibandingkan dengan kipas pewarna Roche (Roche's colour Fan). Kuning telur yang pucat mempunyai bacaan 1 - 12. Bacaan 13 - 15 adalah bagi kuning telur yang merah.</div>
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BAGAIMANA MEMPEROLEHI "CAROPHYLL"?</div>
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Kedai-kedai atau agen membekal makanan itik ada menjual bahan pewarna tersebut. Jika terdapat sebarang masalah untuk membeli pewarna tersebut, sila hubungi Pejabat Perkhidmatan Haiwan yang berhampiran.</div>
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BAGAIMANA MENCAMPURKAN "CAROPHYLL" KE DALAM MAKANAN ?</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">"Carophyll" ini mahal harganya iaitu di dalam lingkungan $360 - $390/kg.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penggunaannya adalah sedikit dan bergantung kepada warna telur itik yang sedang bertelur.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Kebiasaannya 8 -12gm "carophyll" digunakan bagi setiap 100 kg. makanan.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Untuk mencampurkan "carophyll" ke dalam makanan, ambil carophyll yang diperlukan dan campurkan dengan 1 - 2 kg makanan.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Gaul saina rata dan selepas tersebut, 5 kg makanan pula dicampur dengan campuran yang terdahulu.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Ulang cara ini beberapa kaii dengan menambah makanan ke atas campuran yang telah dicainpur dengan carophyll.</li>
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Cara ini ialah untuk mendapatkan campuran makanan yang sebati dan benar-benar mengandongi carophyll.</div>
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SELAIN DARIPADA TELUR SEGAR, BAGAIMANA TELUR ITIK DIJUAL KEPADA ORANG RAMAI ?</div>
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Telur asin dan telur abad adalah di antara telur itik yang telah diawit dan boleh didapati di kedai-kedai dan supermarket</div>
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BAGAIMANA PULA PENVAKIT ITIK ?</div>
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Jika kebersihan reban dan air minuman dijaga dengan rapi, itik tidak mudah dihinggapi oleh penyakit-penyakit yang kebiasaannya mudah diperolehi oleh ayam. Itik juga lebih tahan dari tekanan persekitaran (environmental stress jika dibandingkan dengan ayam, tetapi jika terdapat sebarang tekanan, pengeluaran telur akan berkurangan.</div>
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Sila dapatkan bantuan daripada Jabatan Perkhidmatan Haiwan yang berdekatan jika itik.telur anda didapati tidak sihat.</div>
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ADAKAAH MENTERNAK ITIK TELUR MENGUNTUNGKAN ?</div>
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Ya. Kos mengeluarkan sebiji telur itik ialah dari 6 - 12 sen jika menggunakan makanan campuran sendiri. Purata pengeluaran telur itik sehari dianggarkan lebih kurang 60 - 65% daripada jumlah itik telur. Jika penternak menggunakan makanan komersial, purata pengeluaran sehari ialah 70 - 75% dan kos pengeluaran sebiji telur adalah dalam lingkungan 10 - 14 sen/biji. Harga sebiji telur itik gred A (melebihi 65 gm dan warna pada kipas Roche 14 - 15) ialah 15 - 18 sen/biji.</div>
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DI MANA SAVA HARUS PERGI UNTUK KETERANGAN LANJUT ?</div>
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Sila hubungi Jabatan Perkhidmatan Haiwan Negeri yang berdekatan atau menulis terus kepada: Unit Ayam Itik Bahagian Pengeluaran Ibu Pejabat Perkhidmatan Haiwan Wisma Chase Perdana Bukit Damansara, Off Jalan Semantan 50630 Kuala Lumpur. Kami berbangga kerana dapat berkhidmat demi kemajuan dan kemahiran anda.</div>
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<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">PENGHARGAAN</strong></div>
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Siri Soal Jawab A - Z Mengenai Itik Telur ini telah dihasilkan dengan keriasama Puan Norhayati Omar yang telah menaip keseluruhan teks dan Encik Abu Hassan bin K. Alip, Pegawai Perhubungan Awam JPH serta Encik Mohd Yunus bin Mohd Ariffin, Pegawai Penerbitan, Kementerian Pertanian, yang telah mengatur urusan percetakannya.</div>
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Terima kasih.<br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 13px; margin-top: 3px;">
www.dvs.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/290</div>
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abu nu'manhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16261474192936969275noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2709303286609499961.post-66561991530886835892017-01-09T20:03:00.000-08:002017-01-09T20:05:38.763-08:00Pengeluaran Ayam OrganikDisebabkan permintaan yang tinggi terhadap bekalan ayam organik di pasaran Malaysia. Pelbagai inisiatif dan panduan telah diberikan oleh pihak berwajib bagi menggalakkan perkembangan industri ayam organik ini<br />
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Klik di <a href="http://www.dvs.gov.my/dvs/resources/auto%20download%20images/560a42ad7da36.pdf">sini</a>abu nu'manhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16261474192936969275noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2709303286609499961.post-728006456954574912011-06-19T20:54:00.001-07:002011-06-19T21:15:27.587-07:00AYAM PENELUR (Gallus Gallus Domesticus)KLIK SINI <a href="http://pico.neofission.com/websites/agribdccom/index.php?hdl=bin&rp=471">http://pico.neofission.com/websites/agribdccom/index.php?hdl=bin&rp=471</a><br />
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atau link http://www.dvs.gov.my/dvs/resources/auto%20download%20images/560a42ba49275.pdfabu nu'manhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16261474192936969275noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2709303286609499961.post-45138087197352037422011-05-25T02:20:00.000-07:002011-05-25T02:20:17.383-07:00Ayam Pedaging (Gallus gallus domesticus)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3X5B-dIbiv-SxBjh31T-9ZvTeG_cIiKDL1-fO53u4sqCUlPvauKdJGb3RnELqmZW9WWriA97etmtkryPRpTqzNSe5rsjZdz7w3S-AR7ZGx6YdoqDVvr7SRwd99C9G0iAf1Wccu_WhotQc/s1600/untitled.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150px" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3X5B-dIbiv-SxBjh31T-9ZvTeG_cIiKDL1-fO53u4sqCUlPvauKdJGb3RnELqmZW9WWriA97etmtkryPRpTqzNSe5rsjZdz7w3S-AR7ZGx6YdoqDVvr7SRwd99C9G0iAf1Wccu_WhotQc/s400/untitled.bmp" t8="true" width="400px" /></a></div><br />
<a href="http://pico.neofission.com/websites/agribdccom/index.php?hdl=bin&rp=472">http://pico.neofission.com/websites/agribdccom/index.php?hdl=bin&rp=472</a>abu nu'manhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16261474192936969275noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2709303286609499961.post-75042608203913989712011-05-24T22:50:00.000-07:002011-05-24T22:53:21.435-07:00Selsema Burung<strong>HPAI(Selsema Burung)</strong><br />
<br />
The News – Penyakit Ternakan<br />
Pada masa ini virus influenza sub-tip H5N1 dan H7N7 adalah dikenalpasti sebagai “Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza” (HPAI). Virus H5N1 adalah yang menyebabkan wabak di Hong Kong, Korea, China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand dan Indonesia. Manakala virus H7N7 telah menyababkan wabak di Holland.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<strong>APAKAH TANDA-TANDA JANGKITAN HPAI?</strong><br />
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Ayam yang dijangkiti virus HPAI akan menunjukkan tanda klinikal setelah 2-3 minggu dijangkiti. Tanda utama sebelum ayam tersebut mati ialah:<br />
· Berair pada hidung dan mata<br />
· Berak cair<br />
· Balung dan kaki menjadi amat merah (Rajah 2) kemudian menjadi pucat dan kebiruan<br />
· Kematian yang tinggi mencapai 70-100 peratus<br />
· Bagi ayam penelur, pengeluaran merosot dan terus berhenti<br />
<img alt="balung.jpg" src="http://harizamrry.files.wordpress.com/2007/10/balung.jpg" /> <img alt="kakiayam.jpg" height="139px" src="http://harizamrry.files.wordpress.com/2007/10/kakiayam.jpg" width="174px" /><br />
Rajah 2: Tanda klinikal jangkitan HPAI. Balung, gelambir dan kaki membengkak dan menjadi merah<br />
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<strong>BAGAIMANA VIRUS HPAI TERSEBAR?</strong><br />
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Virus HPAI hadir di dalam cecair dari mata, hidung, dan mulut (selesma) dan juga najis ayam yang terjangkit. Virus ini hidup di persekitaran kandang mencapai masa hingga sebulan. Ayam yang lain akan terjangkit menerusi makanan dan air minum tercemar, pernafasan dan melalui mata. Jadi ia boleh menjangkiti secara lansung (cantact) atau tidak lansung (formites). Jangkitan tidak lansung boleh menyebabkan wabak merebak dari satu ladang ke ladang yang lain.<br />
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<strong>APAKAH PERANAN BURUNG HIJRAH DAN UNGGAS AIR?</strong><br />
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Burung hijrah (migratory birds) dan unggas air adalah perumah “reservoir” yang tidak menunjukkan tanda klinikal. Burung ini berhijrah dari kutub utara ke Australia dan singgah di beberapa tempat termasuk Malaysia. Jika terdapat jangkitan di tempat asalnya dan persinggahannya, burung ini akan turut membawa virus tersebut. Virus ini akan mencemari air dan sekitaran “bird sanctuary”. Jika terdapat ladang sekitaran “bird sanctuary” ini jangkitan boleh berlaku. Unggas air tempatan jika turut mengunjungi “bird sanctuary” boleh dijangkiti dan menjadi pembawa.<br />
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<strong>APAKAH YANG PERLU DILAKUKAN JIKA MENGESYAKI AYAM-AYAM DI LADANG DIJANGKITI HPAI?</strong><br />
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Apabila anda mengesyaki ayam-ayam di ladang ada dijangkiti HPAI (kematian lebih 3% dengan tanda-tanda klinikal dinyatakan) anda perlu mengambil tindakan SEGERA:<br />
Periksa kesihatan ayam diladang setiap hari<br />
· Henti pergerakan serta-merta – tutup ladang, pastikan tiada ayam dibawa keluar dari ladang, tiada kenderaan keluar masuk, kawal pekerja keluar masuk ladang, pekerja yang perlu sahaja dibenarkan bertugas dan pastikan mereka memakai pakaian keselamatan<br />
· Tingkatkan biosekuriti di pintu masuk ladang<br />
· Hubungi Bilik Gerakan HPAI Ibu Pejabat Perkhidmatan Haiwan<br />
· Kemaskini maklumat ladang<br />
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<strong>PENGESAHAN JANGKITAN HPAI</strong><br />
Pengesahan jangkitan di buat di Institut Penyelidikan Haiwan, Ipoh. Sampel-sampel akan dikumpul dan disuntik kedalam telur berembrio. Cecair alantoik akan diambil dan dikenakan ujian HI dan HA. Ujian pengesahan yang lebih pantas menggunakan teknik PCR (polymerase chain reaction) juga dijalankan. Reverse Trascriptase PCR (RT-PCR) akan diguna untuk penegesahan penyakit.<br />
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<strong>KERJASAMA BERBAGAI PIHAK DAPAT MEMBANTU MENGAWAL REBAKAN JANGKITAN HPAI</strong><br />
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Rebakan jangkitan <strong>HPAI</strong> ini akan dapat dikawal dengan mengambil tindakan SEGERA:<br />
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· <strong>PENTERNAK</strong> <br />
memberitahu Jabatan bila mengesyaki berlaku wabak diladang<br />
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· <strong>JABATAN</strong> <br />
menjalankan penyiasatan dan membuat pengesahan<br />
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· <strong>PENTERNAK, JABATAN DAN PIHAK INDUSTRI</strong> <br />
memberikan kerjasama bila pemusnahan terpaksa dijalankan<br />
<br />
· <strong>PERSATUAN PENTERNAK</strong> <br />
mempastikan ahli-ahli mematuhi arahan yang di keluarkan Jabatan bagi mengawal dan membasmi penyakit<br />
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<strong>ADAKAH MANUSIA BOLEH DI JANGKITI HPAI (ZOONOTIK)?</strong><br />
Kedua-dua subptip virus HPAI H5N1 dan H7N7 boleh menjangkiti manusia dan menyebabkan kematian terutamanya kanak-kanak. Pastikan pekerja ladang memakai pakaian pelindung keselamatan yang sesuai terutamanya “mask”.<br />
<a href="https://10.1.1.90/owa/redir.aspx?C=4d2cf0a383194585a7ece578fef1f9da&URL=mailto%3aasjadbeauty%40yahoo.com" target="_blank"></a>abu nu'manhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16261474192936969275noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2709303286609499961.post-56895550518827645482011-05-24T21:20:00.000-07:002011-05-24T21:20:44.402-07:00Penternakan Ayam Penelur<div class="post hentry"><a href="about:blank" name="2118480504520835202"></a><br />
<h3 class="post-title entry-title"><a href="http://kebunwarisan.blogspot.com/2009/01/penternakan-ayam-penelur.html"><span style="color: #ffcc77;">Penternakan Ayam Penelur</span></a> </h3><div class="post-header"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-2118480504520835202"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEOgm5jhXwJTHICYVXaIvFBYgm3E5mv1GPVa8rSZ35sC6xg866piwvAl9Kr6x_bhQLqpRl49R81Kgwwql2QNOarEvggVOxedQFPXkNsvOdnLTuAoVMYnSZMTBSqTYzvG-9AdTQT93G7lE/s1600-h/eggs.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5291196127562334594" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEOgm5jhXwJTHICYVXaIvFBYgm3E5mv1GPVa8rSZ35sC6xg866piwvAl9Kr6x_bhQLqpRl49R81Kgwwql2QNOarEvggVOxedQFPXkNsvOdnLTuAoVMYnSZMTBSqTYzvG-9AdTQT93G7lE/s200/eggs.jpg" style="cursor: hand; float: right; height: 153px; margin: 0px 0px 10px 10px; width: 200px;" /></a><strong>Pengurusan Ternakan </strong><br />
<br />
Ternakan yang diuruskan dengan betul didalam persekitaran yang selesa akan membesar dan mengeluarkan hasil dengan baik dan berkualiti dengan baik dan dengan itu output ladang yang maksimum. Untuk output yang maksimum ia memerlukan integrasi sepadu dari segi kualiti anak ayam yang dibeli , pengurusan makanan , pengurusan air minuman , pengurusan kesihatan dan persekitaran pemeliharaan. Sebarang bentuk tekanan hendaklah dielakan. Anak ayam yang bermutu akan membesar dengan baik dan dengan itu mengeluarkan telur dengan bilangan dan kualiti yang baik. Makanan dan air minuman yang diberi hendaklah bermutu baik dan mencukupi. Makanan hendaklah disimpan ditempat dan pada suhu yang baik supaya tidak menjejaskan mutunya. Setiap ekor ayam perlu diberikan ruang lantai , ruang makanan dan minuman yang mencukupi mengikut peringkat pembesaran. Ketinggian bekas makanan dan minuman juga diselaraskan dengan peringkat pertumbuhan. Kesemua ini bukan sahaja dapat mengelakan tekanan dan pembaziran juga mempastikan keseragaman pembesaran. <br />
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<strong>Pengurusan Sisa Ladang </strong><br />
<br />
Sisa ladang ayam daging termasuklah sampah-saraf, saraf lantai, ayam yang mati, tahi ayam dan telur yang pecah. Sisa ini boleh menjadi tempat pembiakan lalat yang baik, menarik pemangsa datang ke ladang dan membawa bersama penyakit serta menyebabkan bau. Jika ianya tidak dilupuskan dengan sistematik dan sempurna bolih menyebabkan masalah kacau-ganggu kepada masyarakat persekitaran dan kejadian penyakit kepada ayam-ayam peliharaan. <br />
<br />
<br />
<strong>Kawasan dan Perumahan</strong> <br />
<br />
Pemilihan lokasi dan binaan reban yang sesuai serta pengurusan yang baik adalah penting untuk kepastian operasi ladang yang cekap, produktif, output yang maksimum dan berterusan. Kepekaan masyarakat kepada kualiti alam dan produk yang memberikan kesejahteraan kepada kesihatan dan kehidupan akan mewujudkan peraturan-peraturan yang perlu dipatuhi oleh industri. <br />
<br />
<strong>Lokasi Ladang </strong><br />
<br />
Pemilihan lokasi ladang yang sesuai adalah penting. Ciri-ciri penting dalam pemilihan tapak ladang adalah ; <br />
<br />
<br />
Kawasan hendaklah jauh dari kawasan perbandaran dan perumahan <br />
Mempunyai kemudahan perhubungan yang baik dan boleh beroperasi sepanjang masa <br />
Jauh dari lain - lain ladang <br />
Kawasan datar dengan sistem saliran air yang baik <br />
Kawasan yang mempunyai peredaran udara yang baik <br />
<br />
<strong>Binaan Reban </strong><br />
<br />
Reban yang dibina hendaklah yang dapat menyediakan persekitaran yang memberi keselesaan kepada ayam dan pekerja serta kos yang ekonomik. <br />
<br />
<br />
Bahan yang digunakan hendaklah bermutu , supaya kos penyenggaraan kurang , tahan , mudah dicuci dan tidak menyerap haba. <br />
Pokok-pokok dan infrastruktur disekeliling reban tidak menghalang peredaran udara yang sempurna. <br />
Rekabentuk reban memudahkan peredaran udara yang bersih yang sempurna didalam reban <br />
Rekabentuk reban juga hendaklah dapat membantu kecekapan pekerja melaksanakan tugas-tugas penjagaan ayam dan pembersihan sisa ladang <br />
<br />
<strong>Pengurusan Penyakit</strong> <br />
<br />
Penyakit akan mengurangkan produktiviti kerana meningkatkan kos operasi akibat dari penggunaan ubat rawatan , kematian , menjejaskan pertumbuhan dan pengeluaran serta kualiti telur yang dihasilkan. Langkah-langkah kawalan penyakit seperti biosekuriti dan pelalian perlu dilaksanakan dengan teratur. Penggunaan ubatan didalam rawatan apabila perlu hendaklah mematuhi peraturan untuk mempastikan tiada residu ubat didalam telur atau mempastikan tidak meenggunakan ubat terlarang. Penggunaan ubat dengan betul juga dapat mengelakan pembentukan kekebalan terhadap ubat oleh kuman. <br />
<br />
<strong>Amalan Perladangan Yang Baik</strong> <br />
<br />
Penerapan amalan perladangan yang baik didalam perancangan menubuhkan ladang, kawalan penyakit dan pengurusan harian akan memberi beberapa faedah antaranya ladang produktif, kos diminimumkan, output dimaksimumkan, persekitaran dan kualiti hasilan yang tinggi dihasilkan. Ini akan memberikan keyakinan kepada pengguna, meningkatkan peluang pasaran dan seterusnya menjaminkan sebuah ladang yang mapan. <br />
<br />
<strong>Teknologi </strong><br />
<br />
Beberapa teknologi baru telah diperkenalkan didalam pengeluaran telur ayam. Penggunaan teknologi-teknologi ini membantu menjimatkan penggunaan tenaga pekerja , meningkatkan output ladang. <br />
<br />
<br />
Perumahan tertutup dengan ventilasi terkawal akan menyediakan persekitaran yang lebih sejuk dan selesa kepada ayam-ayam yang dipelihara. Kos pelaburan adalah lebih tinggi kerana menyediakan kemudahan untuk penyejukan reban dan kawalan persekitaran serta kos elektrik . Namun begitu ayam memerlukan ruang lantai yang lebih kecil . Maka itu lebih banyak ayam boleh dipelihara. Selain itu perumahan tertutup juga membantu didalam kecekapan pengawalan penyakit terutama penyakit bawaan burng dan haiwan liar. Antara kaedah yang digunakan sekarang adalah seperti 'evaporative cooling system' dan 'tunnel ventilation'. Perumahan seperti ini memerlukan kemahiran untuk mengurus dan menyenggaranya. <br />
<br />
<br />
Penggunaan automasi didalam pemberian makanan dan minuman, buang paruh, memungut, membungkus dan menggred telur, pelupusan najis juga telah digunakan. <br />
<br />
<strong>PEMASARAN TEMPATAN </strong><br />
<br />
Lebihkurang 90 peratus daripada pengeluaran dipasarkan dipasaran tempatan. Kesemua telur ini dipasarkan dalam bentuk 'shell-egg'. Pemasaran telur sebahagiannya dibuat oleh pemborong dan sebahagian kecil terus oleh peruncit. yang datang sendiri mengambil bekalan dari ladang. Selain dari pasaran runcit telur juga digunakan oleh loji pemprosesan makanan seperti kilang roti dan kaya. <br />
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<br />
<strong>Harga telur Ayam </strong><br />
<br />
Di Malaysia telur ayam dipasarkan berdasarkan sen sebiji mengikut gred. telur dikelaskan kepada beberapa gred berasaskan berat. Gred-gred tersebut adalah gred AA , A , B , C , D , E dan F. Harga telur ayam juga turun-naik (Jadual 7). <br />
<br />
<br />
AA lebih dari 70 gram <br />
A 65-70 gram <br />
B 60-65 gram <br />
C 55-60 gram <br />
D 50-55 gram <br />
E 45-50 gram <br />
F dibawah 45 gram <br />
<br />
<br />
Peratus sesuatu gred telur yang dikeluarkan bergantung kepada baka dan pengurusan. Hitungpanjangnya peratus gred adalah seperti berikut; <br />
<br />
<br />
AA 4 <br />
A 12 <br />
B 28 <br />
C 31 <br />
D 18 <br />
E 5 <br />
F 2 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Purata Harga telur Ayam (sen / biji) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
AA A B C D E F <br />
1996 18.02 17.52 16.98 16.33 15.33 14.33 <br />
1997 17.65 17.16 16.55 15.78 14.78 13.78 11.10 <br />
1998 18.52 17.83 16.94 16.16 15.21 14.21 13.21 <br />
1999 19.59 19.09 18.55 18.03 17.53 16.53 15.53 <br />
<br />
<br />
<strong>Pengangkutan </strong><br />
<br />
<br />
Mengurangkan tekanan haba dan stress semasa pengangkutan anak ayam adalah penting. Anak ayam yang terdedah kepada stress mungkin akan mengalam kadar kematian yang tinggi, terjejas pertumbuhan , terjejas ketahanan badan dan memudahkan terkena penyakit. Penghantaran anak-anak ayam kepada pembeli hendakalah menggunakan kenderaan yang dilengkapi dengan sistem ventilasi yang baik. telur pula mesti diangkut berhati-hati bagi mengelakan telur-telur pecah. Penggunaan sistem dan dulang telur yang baik adalah penting untuk mengurangkan masalah ini. Untuk menjaga kualiti yang baik telur sebaiknya diangkut menggunakan pengangkutan yang dilengkapi dengan sistem ventilasi yang baik terutama yang mempunyai sistem penyejukan. <br />
<br />
<br />
Pasaran Eksport <br />
<br />
<br />
Sebanyak 8-11 peratus daripada telur ayam yang dikeluarkan dieksport (Jadual 8 ). Kesemua telur-telur dieksport dalam bentuk 'shell-egg'. Pasaran utama adalah Singapura. Untuk memasuki pasaran eksport ladang hendaklah memenuhi syarat ditetapkan oleh negara pengimport meliputi sanitasi veterinar, jaminan kualiti dan status penyakit disamping harga dan produk yang berdayasaing. <br />
<br />
Eksport telur Ayam ('000 tan metrik) <br />
1996 1997 1998 1999 <br />
33,403 40,244 27,494 34,800 <br />
<br />
<br />
Maklumat Pertanian - Ternakan, Tanaman, Perikanan & Agrotourism</div></div>abu nu'manhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16261474192936969275noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2709303286609499961.post-62634640468740602512011-05-24T21:18:00.000-07:002011-05-24T23:00:41.657-07:00Penternakan Ayam Penelur (English Version)<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><strong></strong></div><div class="post hentry" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><a href="about:blank" name="1953659367275983955"></a><br />
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">Layer Chicken Farming</h3><h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">Production Management </h3></div><div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF-4Ewz1eegZkIjElZr-ntHIxJz7UMJe6eTXaJOgrjWCpiu5F5QgpJxt_AG2ZS5XzF-syOImiuPSub5Y-zi1aKSvcCtFnqdPHkjDngi-DP87UDXWaEr9CfDlTBCsW4qYCirs8kX1vECRL5/s1600/U8CAWB2X70CAEXDNC9CA4W9E8TCADJ3TV6CAI1NEBPCA6BU5H2CASZIO10CA73PVLECAPT5117CA967A3VCA931U2HCA8HLP4FCA7PSMCJCA2GQVF6CAE0GE3KCAA8OYL9CA90ZTEXCAT3RQDMCAHQ2RDK.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF-4Ewz1eegZkIjElZr-ntHIxJz7UMJe6eTXaJOgrjWCpiu5F5QgpJxt_AG2ZS5XzF-syOImiuPSub5Y-zi1aKSvcCtFnqdPHkjDngi-DP87UDXWaEr9CfDlTBCsW4qYCirs8kX1vECRL5/s1600/U8CAWB2X70CAEXDNC9CA4W9E8TCADJ3TV6CAI1NEBPCA6BU5H2CASZIO10CA73PVLECAPT5117CA967A3VCA931U2HCA8HLP4FCA7PSMCJCA2GQVF6CAE0GE3KCAA8OYL9CA90ZTEXCAT3RQDMCAHQ2RDK.jpg" t8="true" /></a></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">Birds managed in a suitable environment will grow and produce good quality product leading to a maximum farm output. Maximum output requires integration of quality chicks and management of feed, water, health and environment. Stress should be avoided. Quality chick will have good growth rate and high egg production with good quality eggs. Good and enough feed and water should be given. Feed should be stored at a suitable temperature to maintain its quality. At every growing stage each bird should be given enough floor space, feed and watering space. The height of the feeder and drinker should vary with the growing stage. These factors will not only prevent stress and wastage but also ensure growth uniformity </div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br />
</div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">Farm Waste Management </div><br />
Farm waste includes rubbish, floor litter, dead birds, birds waste and broken eggs. These farm waste will be a good breeding site for flies, attract predators bringing along diseases and cause unpleasant smell. If it is not manage systematically it will affect the environment and leads to diseases in birds. <br />
<br />
Location and Housing <br />
<br />
For effective, productive, maximum output and continuity, choosing suitable farm location and building of sheds as well as good management are important. Society sensitivity to environment and quality product for health and life has resulted in regu;lations that should be obeyed by the industry. <br />
<br />
Farm Location <br />
<br />
Choosing a suitable farm location is important. The important factors in choosing the farm location are: <br />
<br />
The area should be far from the town and housing areas. <br />
Good communication facilities. <br />
Far from other farms <br />
Flat area with good irrigation system <br />
Good ventilation <br />
<br />
Poultry Shed <br />
<br />
The shed built should provide a pleasant environment to the birds and workers as well as economical cost. <br />
<br />
<br />
The materials used should be of good quality to reduce maintenance cost, durable, easy to clean and do not absorb heat. <br />
Trees and other infrastructures around the shed should not obstruct air ventilation. <br />
The shed design should facilitate clean air ventilation. <br />
The shed design should enable workers to work efficiently in the shed, collecting eggs and removing the farm wastes. <br />
<br />
Disease Management <br />
<br />
Disease will reduce productivity from the increase in cost of operation from drug usage, mortality, effects on growth, production as well as the quality of eggs produced. Disease control such as biosecurity and vaccination should be done as scheduled. Regulations must be followed in the use of drugs for treatments to ensure that drug residues do not occur in the eggs. Do not use illegal drugs. The right usage of drugs will prevent the development of drug resistance. <br />
<br />
Good Animal Husbandry Practices <br />
<br />
Enforcing good farming practice in farm planning, disease control and daily management will improve farm productivity, minimise cost, maximise output, environment and good product quality. This will increase customers' confidence, increase marketing opportunity and ensure farm stability. <br />
<br />
Technology <br />
<br />
Some new technologies have been introduced in poultry egg production. The use of these tecnologies reduce manpower requirements and increase farm output. <br />
<br />
<br />
Closed housing with controlled ventilation will provide cool and pleasant environment to the birds. Cost of investment is higher due to facilities for cooling, environmental controlas well as electricity cost. As chickens require only a small floor space, more birds can be housed. A close house system will aid in effective controlling of diseases especially those brought by wild birds and animals. Among the methods used are evaporative cooling system and tunnel ventilation. This type of housing system requires expertise in management and maintainence. <br />
<br />
<br />
Automation used include dispensing of feed and drink, debeaking, collection, packing and grading of eggs and waste disposal. <br />
<br />
MARKETING <br />
<br />
Local Market <br />
<br />
About 90 per cent of production is for the local market. All eggs are marketed in the form of shell-egg. Eggs are mainly marketted through wholesalers and a small part to retailers who come to the farm. Besides that, eggs are used by food processing plants such as bakeries and coconut jam producers. <br />
<br />
Poultry Egg Prices <br />
<br />
In Malaysia, eggs are marketed based on grades. Eggs are graded based on weight. The grades are AA, A,B,C,D,E and F : <br />
<br />
<br />
AA more than 70 gram <br />
A 65-70 gram <br />
B 60-65 gram <br />
C 55-60 gram <br />
D 50-55 gram <br />
E 45-50 gram <br />
F less than 45 gram <br />
<br />
<br />
Percentage of each grade produced depends on breed and management. The average percentage of grade is as below: <br />
<br />
<br />
AA 4 <br />
A 12 <br />
B 28 <br />
C 31 <br />
D 18 <br />
E 5 <br />
F 2 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Average Chicken Egg Prices ( sen / egg ) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
AA A B C D E F <br />
1996 18.02 17.52 16.98 16.33 15.33 14.33 <br />
1997 17.65 17.16 16.55 15.78 14.78 13.78 11.10 <br />
1998 18.52 17.83 16.94 16.16 15.21 14.21 13.21 <br />
1999 19.59 19.09 18.55 18.03 17.53 16.53 15.53 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Transportation <br />
<br />
It is important to reduce heat and stress during transportation of chicks. Chicks exposed to stress may experience high mortality, stunted growth, affect body resistant and easily infected by diseases. Delivery of chicks to buyers should use well ventilated vehicles. Eggs shold be handled with care to prevent breakage. The use of good transportation system and good egg trays will reduce this problem. To maintain good quality eggs, transportation should have good ventilation systems especially with refrigeration. <br />
<br />
Export Market <br />
<br />
About 8 – 11 percent of eggs produced are exported. All eggs are exported in the form of shell-egg. The main market is Singapore. To penetrate the export market, a farm should satisfy the stated requirements of the importing countries such as veterinary sanitation, quality assurance and disease status as well as price and product competitiveness. <br />
<br />
Chicken Egg Exports ('000 metric tonne) <br />
1996 1997 1998 1999 <br />
33,403 40,244 27,494 34,800 <br />
<br />
<br />
Maklumat Pertanian - Ternakan, Tanaman, Perikanan & Agrotourism<br />
Sekadar Info,Rujukan dan Ilmu.<br />
<div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: center;"></div>abu nu'manhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16261474192936969275noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2709303286609499961.post-82093909562306420422011-05-24T21:05:00.000-07:002011-06-01T00:45:39.004-07:00Ayam Pedaging (siri 2) - English Version<h3 class="post-title entry-title">Broiler Chicken Farming </h3><div class="post-header"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-2038922178425196553"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2MuPWLWFpbEJLZxuITCN2wFeMu7Kiz0VbLoni0YxKVFf_eBb5S_lS8IwkTAV0srbngq1D09fyGoE0sdLScAwFL2wICmDM13-W2kZ7u27WLi_CSjJ8hvdMXKbNhj47hJjXy2ybkPygTpM/s1600-h/broilers+ayampedaging.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5291187340121329170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2MuPWLWFpbEJLZxuITCN2wFeMu7Kiz0VbLoni0YxKVFf_eBb5S_lS8IwkTAV0srbngq1D09fyGoE0sdLScAwFL2wICmDM13-W2kZ7u27WLi_CSjJ8hvdMXKbNhj47hJjXy2ybkPygTpM/s200/broilers+ayampedaging.jpg" style="float: right; height: 200px; margin: 0px 0px 10px 10px; width: 174px;" /></a><br />
<strong>Broiler Chicken Farming</strong><br />
<br />
Birds from day old chick to slaughter should be well managed and provided with good environment in order to get maximum farm output. The factors that affect farm output are chick quality, feeding management, feed quality, health management and farm environment. Stress should be avoided to prevent low productivity and diseases. Quality chicks grow well. Feed and drinking water given should be of high quality. Each bird should be provided with enough floors, feeding and drinking space. Feeder and drinker height should be suitable to bird's age. This will avoid stress, wastage and ensure uniformity of bird's size.<br />
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Waste Management<br />
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Farm waste includes rubbish, carcasses, chicken dung and litter. These waste materials attract flies, pests and cause bad smell. Improper management of waste material can cause environmental pollution and become disease agent to the birds.<br />
<br />
Factors that affect farm output are<br />
chick quality<br />
feeding management<br />
feed quality<br />
health management<br />
farm environment<br />
<br />
Waste Management<br />
<br />
Farm waste<br />
attract flies<br />
attract pests<br />
brings disease<br />
cause odours<br />
<br />
<strong>Farm Location</strong><br />
Selection of farm location is important. The following are the criterions used to determine farm location.<br />
Farm should be far away from town and housing area<br />
Farm should have access to transportation and be able to operate all the time<br />
Farm should be far away from other farms<br />
Land should be flat and have good drainage<br />
The area should be well ventilated<br />
<br />
<strong>Housing</strong><br />
Poultry houses should provide conducive environment to birds and economical to build.<br />
Materials used have to be of high quality, lasting, easy to clean and do not absorb excessive heat<br />
Trees and buildings should not hinder house ventilation<br />
House design should provide good ventilation<br />
House design should facilitate workers to manage birds and cleaning activities<br />
<br />
<strong>Feedmills</strong><br />
There are 47 feedmills operating in Malaysia. 38 feedmills are located in Peninsular Malaysia and 9 are located in Sabah, Sarawak and Labuan ( Appendix 2 ). Raw materials such as corn and soy bean are imported from China, United States and Argentina.<br />
<br />
<strong>Disease Management</strong><br />
Disease reduces farm productivity. Operational cost would increase due to the use of medication, death, slow growth and downgrading of carcasses. Disease prevention measures such as biosecurity and vaccination has to be taken. The use of drugs/medication has to follow instructions to avoid residues and drug resistant.<br />
<br />
<strong>Vaccines and Medication</strong><br />
There are a few companies which supply medication and vaccines to farmers. Most of the items are imported.<br />
<br />
<strong>Good Animal Husbandry Practice</strong>Good animal husbandry practice covers various aspects of chicken farming. It covers farm planning, disease control and daily farm management / activities. Good animal husbandry practice could increase farm productivity, minimize production cost, maximize farm outputs and provides clean environment and quality products. This will give confidence to consumers, increase market opportunity and provide a competitive and sustainable farming.<br />
<br />
<strong>Technology</strong><br />
New technologies have already been introduced in broiler chicken industry. These technologies are able to minimize manpower, increase farm outputs and increase the efficiency of disease control.<br />
Close housing system with controlled ventilation provides cool and conducive environment to birds. These facilities involve high overhead and operational cost (e.g. electric). However less floor space is needed and more chicken is could be reared. Close housing system is able to help in pest-born diseases. Evaporative cooling system and tunnel ventilation are the most common method used and farmers need to have some knowledge to operate and maintain the equipments.<br />
Automation is also used for feeder, drinker, vaccination etc.<br />
<br />
<strong>Farm Equipments</strong><br />
Farm equipments such as feeder, drinker and cages are produced by local manufacturer. However certain modern and sophisticated equipments such as incubator and hatcher are imported by local distributors.<br />
<br />
<br />
<strong>Marketing</strong><br />
Chickens are marketed in the form of live bird, slaughtered and frozen, chicken parts or ready to eat products. More than 80 percent of broiler chicken is sold live in the wet market.15-20% of broiler chicken are slaughtered and processed in the slaughterhouse.<br />
<br />
<strong>1. Local Market</strong><br />
Approximately 85 percent of poultry meat are marketed locally. Most of the meat is sold as fresh meat in the wet market and supermarket or to hotel and restaurant. For big companies the poultry meat from slaughterhouses is sent to their own service centre before being distributed to retailers all over the country.<br />
<br />
<strong>a.Transport</strong><br />
It is important to minimise heat stress during transportation of chicken. Chicks exposed to heat stress can cause high mortality, slow growth rate and high susceptibility to diseases. Closed ventilated truck is used for transportation of chicks. Long distance transportation of chicks is normally done at night.<br />
<br />
Poultry meat is highly perishable when exposed to high temperature. It has to be transported using refrigerated truck.<br />
<br />
<strong>b.Vehicles</strong><br />
a. For chick transportation, some companies provide their own transport and some companies buy services from other companies which follows certain specifications.<br />
a. For adult chicken, transportation is usually provided by farmers, wholesalers or other companies which have contract with transport services. Fee charges depend on number of chicken and distance.<br />
<br />
<strong>c.Chicken Price</strong><br />
Broiler chicken is a controlled item. Poultry meat price is influenced by ex-farm price, wholesale live bird price, wholesale processed bird, retail live bird price, retail processed bird price with legs, head, liver and gizzard and without legs, head, liver and gizzard. Ceiling prices for ex-farm and retail prices are fixed. Reference price is fixed by broiler chicken producer association. The actual price is influenced by market factors but not exceeding ceiling price. The actual price might be different from reference price depending on location, distance, marketing system and supplier. Broiler chicken price fluctuates below production cost due to market influence. Profit-loss in this industry could not be measured by using one production cycle only but measured by the yearly average production.<br />
<br />
Broiler chicken Farm Price and Production Costs<br />
Year<br />
Farm Price(RM/Kg)<br />
Production cost(RM/Kg)<br />
1996 1.45 - 3.05 ( 2.61 )2.50 - 3.06<br />
1997 2.05 - 3.05 ( 2.69 ) 2.70 - 3.32<br />
1998 2.40 - 3.50 (3.14 ) 2.79 - 3.40<br />
1999 2.10 - 3.50 ( 3.00 ) 2.60 - 3.05<br />
<br />
<strong>Export Market</strong><br />
Approximately 12-15% of total broiler chicken produced is exported (table 7). 85% are exported live and the remainder is in the form of chicken parts and value added products. Most of the broiler chickens are exported to Singapore. In order to penetrate the export market, broiler chicken producer have to meet the requirements of importing country such as veterinary sanitary, quality and disease status. Besides that, they should produce competitive products, quality and price.<br />
Broiler Chicken Exports ('000 metric tons).<br />
<br />
1996 1997 1998 1999<br />
66.88 72.25 61.45 77.44<br />
<br />
<em>Maklumat Pertanian - Ternakan, Tanaman, Perikanan & Agrotourism</em><br />
<em>Sekadar Info,Rujukan dan Ilmu.</em></div>abu nu'manhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16261474192936969275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2709303286609499961.post-84401016789964826352011-05-23T21:26:00.000-07:002011-05-24T22:45:00.697-07:00Industri Ayam Pedaging Di Malaysia<h3 class="post-title entry-title">INDUSTRI PENTERNAKAN AYAM PEDAGING DI MALAYSIA </h3><div class="post-header"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrinSl_DBTYkJxuM724acTfgRz05i2hgChsusc3FuSvM-XS7D-PYAnLqaGKxaox5_ExDwlOPdDhMtay-1rG1MJt73XU_tk9IrV-01q07eb-gux_pffnGsGg_D2HbbRBvAPhlJuTblpuQjO/s1600/anak_ayam.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrinSl_DBTYkJxuM724acTfgRz05i2hgChsusc3FuSvM-XS7D-PYAnLqaGKxaox5_ExDwlOPdDhMtay-1rG1MJt73XU_tk9IrV-01q07eb-gux_pffnGsGg_D2HbbRBvAPhlJuTblpuQjO/s1600/anak_ayam.jpg" t8="true" /></a></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-4881115848807651194" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"></span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Latar Belakang Industri Ayam Pedaging</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<ul><li>Bermula pada tahun 1960’an </li>
<li>Baka eksotik e.g.Rhode Island Red and Leghorn diperkenalkan pada tahun 1927 </li>
<li>Pengeluaran tempatan tidak mengcukupi untuk memenuhi permintaan. </li>
<li>Ayam dan telur terpaksa diimport. </li>
<li>Selepas Perang Dunia II, baru mula pembangunan industri penternakan ayam </li>
<li>Bermula dengan cara lepas bebas dan berkurung pada waktu malam. Sistem berubah ke semi-intensif dimana diberi tempat perteduhan dan berpagar. </li>
<li>Tahun 1966, terdapat 77 buah hatcheri = 16 million DOC </li>
<li>Tahun 1980, masalahan kejatuhan harga ladang – aliran tunai yang meruncingkan kepada pengusaha </li>
<li>Syk. ‘Feedmills’ sediakan kemudahan kredit (contract farming)</li>
</ul><br />
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: small;">ZAMAN MODEN</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br />
PERANAN INDUSTRI</span><br />
<br />
<ul><li>Sektor ayam merupakan komponen yang terbesar didalam industri penternakan di negara ini. </li>
<li>Ia merupakan penyumbang utama didalam sumber pemakanan asas penternakan. </li>
<li>Lebih berdaya maju jika dibandingkan dengan sektor ternakan yang lain. </li>
<li>Masih bergantung dengan sumber input yang diimport </li>
<li>Menyumbang 70% daripada jumlah daging dan 100% telur ayam permintaan di pasaran domestik. </li>
<li>Menyediakan peluang pekerjaan. </li>
<li>Menyediakan sumber pendapatan </li>
<li>Menyumbang pertukaran mata wang asing - eksport ayam, telur dan itik </li>
<li>Menggalakkan pertumbuhan sektor ekonomi yang lain – kilang makanan, farmasi, konsultasi ladang, dll.</li>
</ul><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><span style="font-weight: bold;">PECAHAN KOMPONEN INDUSTRI</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;"><br />
Sektor Pedaging (2007)</span> <br />
<div style="text-align: left;"><ol><li><span style="font-weight: bold;">Ayam Pedaging 83.89%</span> </li>
<li><span style="font-weight: bold;">Ayam Kampung 5.79%</span> </li>
<li><span style="font-weight: bold;">Itik Pedaging 10.23% </span></li>
</ol></div><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sektor Penelur (2004)</span> <br />
<ol><li><span style="font-weight: bold;">Ayam Penelur 97.67%</span> </li>
<li><span style="font-weight: bold;">Itik Penelur 2.33%</span></li>
</ol><div style="clear: both;"></div></div></div>abu nu'manhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16261474192936969275noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2709303286609499961.post-67888766047916387152011-05-23T02:40:00.001-07:002011-05-23T04:19:54.244-07:00Reban Ayam Tertutup<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkycj9B689qgvoItlJDOOIbwiAC8PmfDdwNmFE6wS-i2i-kj7yDLLapQgnw3S1EiB0lw0uVI4E31YbNJ33coN8K-W25HPBogzbxt_qqJvSLE1dEb8wSjmJbidC9eNq4et_lgMiu6C-gR6P/s1600/1.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="242px" j8="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkycj9B689qgvoItlJDOOIbwiAC8PmfDdwNmFE6wS-i2i-kj7yDLLapQgnw3S1EiB0lw0uVI4E31YbNJ33coN8K-W25HPBogzbxt_qqJvSLE1dEb8wSjmJbidC9eNq4et_lgMiu6C-gR6P/s320/1.bmp" width="320px" /></a></div><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrb0IYlO4AvFAJEGnTNEM5zlZPX_vpJmAikw6sipR87S8fo8JYY6AmkL2yO4WIxOSoebrHO-bZUITDM3Pp3DLe5bw1K0hfm5-CwO57uv4dBcsQDF6WVj-qoZqy_CqIYxhw7UAsr45pQ8ee/s1600/29.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="241px" j8="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrb0IYlO4AvFAJEGnTNEM5zlZPX_vpJmAikw6sipR87S8fo8JYY6AmkL2yO4WIxOSoebrHO-bZUITDM3Pp3DLe5bw1K0hfm5-CwO57uv4dBcsQDF6WVj-qoZqy_CqIYxhw7UAsr45pQ8ee/s320/29.bmp" width="320px" /></a></div>abu nu'manhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16261474192936969275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2709303286609499961.post-40105491315166141332011-05-23T01:10:00.001-07:002011-05-24T23:01:41.869-07:00Village Chicken (Ayam Kampung)<h4 style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">GUIDELINE IN REARING VILLAGE CHICKEN (BACKYARD)</span></h4><div style="color: black;"><div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwa-sh1YBCY_1iuan_mA3WX5R7rvsw5dsW26cCKCSet1uy3-HwEIDsdUtYN3PWFV3-QlAuteDflirp-hViLlSX9wqjH9UKo88En-eRGH6jqvkrZnZ9szFl88ttveFq44hrOWLXas6yuIYd/s1600/4196719028_97d559473f.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="147px" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwa-sh1YBCY_1iuan_mA3WX5R7rvsw5dsW26cCKCSet1uy3-HwEIDsdUtYN3PWFV3-QlAuteDflirp-hViLlSX9wqjH9UKo88En-eRGH6jqvkrZnZ9szFl88ttveFq44hrOWLXas6yuIYd/s200/4196719028_97d559473f.jpg" t8="true" width="200px" /></a></div><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">INTRODUCTION</span></b></span></div><div align="justify" style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Rearing of village chicken activities have been started since our great great grandparent's time . The first generation of the chicken with the scientific name of <u>Gallus</u> <u>domesticus</u> was from the generation of Gallus gallus . The second generation of village chicken which was the cross of first generation of village chicken with the Canton village chicken were borne when the Chinese Trader came in our country. The third generation of village chicken were from the cross of a few breed from foreign country which were brought by European colonial with the second generation.</span></div><div align="justify" style="color: black;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">No proper system of crossing created a few kinds of village chicken that we can see until today. It is difficult to classify the types of village chicken physically. The obvious differences in size that made the village chicken unique. Therefore, there are a few names of village chicken that are found here for example Ayam Botak, Ayam Bulu Balik, Ayam Selasih, Ayam Janggut, Ayam Laga atau Sabung, Ayam Togel, ayam Katik atau Ayam Jepun The names were given according to the location and dialect of the place.</span></div><div align="justify" style="color: black;"><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=2709303286609499961&postID=4010549131516614133" name="TUJUAN" title="TUJUAN"></a><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">THE AIM OF REARING VILLAGE CHICKEN</span></b></span></div><div align="justify" style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">To encourage small scale farmers in rearing village chicken so that the activity of importation of poultry feed by our country can be minimised and also to increase the production of local feed.The others are:</span></div><ul style="color: black;"><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Egg and meat for the family</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Hatchable egg for breeding</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">If excess, can be sold in order to increase the family income.</span> </div></li>
</ul><div align="justify" style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=2709303286609499961&postID=4010549131516614133" name="KEISTIMEWAAN" title="KEISTIMEWAAN"></a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><b>VILLAGE CHICKEN SPECIALITIES</b></span></div><ul style="color: black;"><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Can be breed throughout the year</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Free rearing during the day</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Can give left over food ad lib</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">The hen can hatch the egg by its own.</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">The hen can take care of the chicks from cold weather and enemies.</span> </div></li>
</ul><div align="justify" style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=2709303286609499961&postID=4010549131516614133" name="SISTEM0" title="SISTEM0"></a><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">HOUSING SYSTEM</span></b></span></div><div align="justify" style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Barn is needed to protect the chicken from bad weather and enemies. The housing system that can be used are <br />
" Raised Floor System " or " Ground Floor System "</span></div><div align="justify" style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">One (1) bird needs 1 square foot. If 20 birds, the areas needed are 20 square feet. The dimension of the coop is 4 feet x 5 feet..</span></div><ul style="color: black;"><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Use 'nipah' or zink</span> </span></div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Use hutan or sayung wood, bamboo , chain-link wire</span> </span></div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Use cheap feed trough and drinker.</span> </div></li>
</ul><div align="justify" style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=2709303286609499961&postID=4010549131516614133" name="PEMAKANAN0" title="PEMAKANAN0"></a><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">POULTRY FEED</span></b></span></div><div align="justify" style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">There are two (2) types of feed:-</span></div><div align="justify" style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">1. Commercial Feed</span></div><ul style="color: black;"><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Layer Starter Mash</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Layer Grower Mash/Pellet</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Layer Finisher Mash/Pellet</span> </div></li>
</ul><div align="justify" style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> 2. Mixed Feed or Left Over Food</span> </div><ul style="color: black;"><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Left over rice, coconut dregs, coconut's scraping</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Rice bran, grounded rice, paddy, tapioca/sweet potatoes</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Fish and others</span> </div></li>
</ul><div align="justify" style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=2709303286609499961&postID=4010549131516614133" name="PENGURUSAN" title="PENGURUSAN"></a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><b>MANAGEMENT </b></span></div><div align="justify" style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Management of Chick (Day Old - 4 weeks)</span></div><ul style="color: black;"><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Vaccinate the chicks </span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Give quality feed and sufficient amount of drink</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Provide enough light to supply warmness until the age of 2 weeks</span> </div></li>
</ul><div align="justify" style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Growing Stage until Laying Stage (4 weeks - 22 weeks)</span> </b></span></div><ul style="color: black;"><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Vaccinate the chicks</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Free rearing during the day</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Mixed feed or left over food can also be used</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Prepare a layer nest</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Avoid from disturbing the hen which are about to groan</span> </div></li>
</ul><div align="justify" style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">BREEDING</span></b></span></div><ul style="color: black;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Natural breeding Nature</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">1 cock : 10 hens </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Reared in the coop which consist of layer nest </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">The place should be quiet, dry and free from disturbance </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Usually it can hatch until 15 eggs during the period 21 days.</span> </li>
</ul><div style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">CONTROLLING AND PREVENTION OF DISEASES</span></b></span></div><div align="justify" style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Chicken diseases can be due to various reason :-</span></div><ul style="color: black;"><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Inheritage</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Feed</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Management</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Surrounding</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Infection</span> </div></li>
</ul><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b></b></span><br />
<ul style="color: black;"><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">The barn should always be clean</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">The chicks should be free from diseases</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Avoid from different kind of livestock</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Visitors should be controlled</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Prevention is bettet than cure.</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">All chickens should be vaccinated </span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Dead chicken should be buried or burnt to avoid infection of diseases.</span> </div></li>
</ul><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b></b></span><br />
<ul style="color: black;"><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Day Old - Ranikhet "F" (Usually it was done in the hatchery)</span></div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Age 3 - 4 weeks - Fowl Pox and Ranikhet "F"</span></div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Age 6 - 8 weeks - Ranikhet " S "</span></div></li>
</ul><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b></b></span><br />
<ul style="color: black;"><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Less appetite</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Inactive</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Pale, sneezing, nasal discharge</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Swollen face </span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Diarrhoea or bloody diarrhoea</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Nervous symptoms for example weak of the wing, leg, head twisted and others.</span> </div></li>
</ul><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b></b></span><br />
<ul style="color: black;"><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">New Castle Disease</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Gumboro Disease(IBD)</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Fowl Pox</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Salmonellosis</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Pasteurellosis</span> </div></li>
<li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Others</span> </div></li>
</ul><br />
<div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial;">TYPES OF CHICKEN DISEASES</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></div><br />
<div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial;">General Symptoms of Chicken Diseases</span></div><br />
<div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Diseases Prevention Programme </span></div><br />
<div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Steps In Prevention of Diseases</span></div>abu nu'manhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16261474192936969275noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2709303286609499961.post-19843868817094293642011-05-23T01:00:00.001-07:002011-05-24T22:51:31.561-07:00Layer Chicken (Ayam Penelur)<h3><span style="color: black;">GUIDELINE TO A GOOD LAYER CHICKEN REARING PRACTICE</span></h3><h4><span style="color: black;">INTRODUCTION</span></h4><div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXowSjUb1U6PLdRU0AAZZACtqH5DqgbdAsQiyt7cl0FiLGc-xGVWwrcHHqpPxhRurhv9xI5ECXpu3xM-3THEw22JLa8yyOBW85BVuOW5CnHviTmGaqgg1vqG3uJBJnzM9ryl4Y8_2lxM5U/s1600/image_gallery.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="125px" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXowSjUb1U6PLdRU0AAZZACtqH5DqgbdAsQiyt7cl0FiLGc-xGVWwrcHHqpPxhRurhv9xI5ECXpu3xM-3THEw22JLa8yyOBW85BVuOW5CnHviTmGaqgg1vqG3uJBJnzM9ryl4Y8_2lxM5U/s200/image_gallery.jpg" t8="true" width="200px" /></a></div><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;">Market globalization, change in public and consumer evaluation about product quality, nature quality and animal welfare will affect farming activities and egg production. Farming methods which is more competitive, social-environment friendly, contribute towards consumer health and welfare of animals and workers must be applied to guarantee continuous production and ready market. There is a need to change to ensure success in investments made.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;">This paper is prepared as a guide for layer chicken industrialists in upgrading quality in farm management layer industry which is more productive, highly competitive and convincing to both consumers and public.</span></span><br />
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<h5><span style="color: blue;">1. MANAGEMENT</span></h5><ul><li><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="color: black;">Workers' health</span></b></span></li>
</ul><span style="color: #333399; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: black;"> - Ensure all workers have good health status. Arrange health examination programme on a periodical basis.</span></span><br />
<ul><li><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="color: black;">Duties of workers</span></b></span></li>
</ul><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"> - Prepare a duty list for each and every worker<br />
- Each and every farm worker should be clear about their duty and responsibility<br />
- Supervise, identify weaknesses and take appropriate action for improvement</span></span><br />
<ul><li><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="color: black;">Training</span></b></span></li>
</ul><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"> - Prepare and carry out training programme for workers from time to time.</span></span><br />
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<h5><span style="color: blue;">2. DEVELOPMENT OF FARM AND FACILITIES</span></h5><ul><li><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="color: black;">Location</span></b></span></li>
</ul><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"> - Location site for the farm should not be within area/region under structural planning and development of district or nearby to areas that have high possibility to be developed for public needs<br />
- Complete and good facilities, (Road accessibility, drainage system, electricity supply and others)<br />
- Good ventilation<br />
- At least 0.5 kilometer distance from nearest poultry farm for open house system and at least 0.1 kilometer for close house system <br />
- At least 0.20 kilometer from developed areas like municipality, industrial, tourist attractions, public places and facilities if practicing open house system. For close house system, should be at least 0.1 kilometer <br />
- Not nearby lakes, ponds and others that are always stopped at by migratory birds.</span></span><br />
<ul><li><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="color: black;">Pens</span></b></span></li>
</ul><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"> - Pens should be built in areas separated from non-productive areas and fenced up to separate the two<br />
- Not in close proximity with roads frequently used for transportation of chickens<br />
- Design, size, construction and materials used permit:<br />
(i) Optimum ventilation inside pens, comfortable and does not affect growth and health of chickens, as well as comfort and health of workers<br />
(ii) Effective disinfection work</span></span><br />
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<ul><li><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"><b>Ventilation </b>:</span></span></li>
</ul><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="color: black;">Temperature inside pens below 30</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: 'Arial Black'; font-size: 10pt;">°</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">C<span style="color: black;"> (optimum 22-26</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: 'Arial Black'; font-size: 10pt;">°</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">C). <span style="color: black;">Humidity rate less than 70%</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><br />
<ul><li><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"><b>Design</b> :</span></span></li>
</ul><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" id="AutoNumber2" style="border-bottom: rgb(192,192,192) 0px solid; border-collapse: collapse; border-left: rgb(192,192,192) 0px solid; border-right: rgb(192,192,192) 0px solid; border-top: rgb(192,192,192) 0px solid;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="center" bgcolor="#336600" width="28%"></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#336600" width="38%"><b><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">OPEN HOUSE SYSTEM</span></b></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#336600" width="34%"><b><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">CLOSE HOUSE SYSTEM</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="28%"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> Width</span></td><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="38%"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> not more than 10 meter</span></td><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="34%"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> not more than 12 meter</span></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="28%"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> Length of roof side</span></td><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="38%"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> at least 15-20 degree</span></td><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="34%"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> same</span></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="28%"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> Length</span></td><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="38%"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> depending on need</span></td><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="34%"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> not more than 500 meter</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table></span></span><i><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;">* Length axis of pens should be in east-west direction to reduce effect of direct sunlight on chickens</span></span></i><br />
<span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"> - Distance between pens at least the same as width of pens<br />
- Materials, cages and design is such that chickens are not exposed to injury<br />
- Buildings or trees nearby pens does not obstruct air circulation<br />
- Enough exit doors for safety of workers and birds during emergency<br />
- For close house system, should install alarm signal</span></span><br />
<ul><li><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="color: black;">Plan of Farm</span></b></span></li>
</ul><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"> - Prepare a structural plan of farm showing main accessible routes to farm, development of surrounding areas like villages, towns and source of water supply nearby.<br />
- showing location of pens and other farm facilities</span></span><br />
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<h5><span style="color: blue;">3. FEED</span></h5><ul><li><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="color: black;">Feed</span></b></span></li>
</ul><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"> - Supply from feed mills that observe good manufacturing practice (GMP) or those recognized as its equivalent by the Department of Veterinary Services<br />
- Monitor cleanliness and quality of feed from time to time<br />
- Store in a place with good ventilation so as not to allow its quality to spoil, growth of fungus and breeding of pests<br />
- Store in clean, rat and bird proof place.<br />
- Do not keep poison materials in feed store.<br />
- Do not keep feed too long (not more than one week). For stores with cement or ground flooring, feed should be kept on a base height not less than 15 cm.</span></span><br />
<ul><li><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="color: black;">Water</span></b></span></li>
</ul><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"> - Use water from supply that is clean or treated with chlorine and other sanitizers approved by the Government<br />
- Avoid contamination. Use covered drinkers that can be easily washed <br />
- Use drinkers that will not easily rust and not made from materials that can lead to poisoning<br />
- Monitor quality (pH, chemicals, bacteria and metal) from time to time</span></span><br />
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<h5><span style="color: blue;">4. LIVESTOCK</span></h5><ul><li><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="color: black;">Chicks</span></b></span></li>
</ul><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"> - Obtain chicks from breeder farms or hatcheries accredited by the Department of Veterinary Services or which observe management procedures acknowledged equivalent to accreditation prerequisites<br />
- Check quality upon arrival.<br />
- Should be from same flock or same age <br />
- Chicks from different sources are not to be reared as one flock</span></span><br />
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<h5><span style="color: blue;">5. MANAGEMENT OF LIVESTOCK AND EQUIPMENTS</span></h5><ul><li><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="color: black;">Management Guide</span></b></span></li>
</ul><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"> - Prepare a farm management guide that includes management of livestock, feeds and water, pens, vaccination, use and maintenance of equipments, animal health and others<br />
- Put a brief guide on management in each and every pen for workers' easy reference</span></span><br />
<ul><li><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="color: black;">Quality Control</span></b></span></li>
</ul><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"> - Practice daily management, use and maintenance of facilities as well as equipments that will ascertain growth and good quality chicks<br />
- That will ensure farming does not cause pollution and interference to surroundings also spread of disease<br />
- Prepare a quality assurance programme</span></span><br />
<ul><li><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="color: black;">Handling of Chickens and Eggs</span></b></span></li>
</ul><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"> - Collect eggs several times a day<br />
- Keep clean eggs separately from those that are dirty and broken<br />
- Ensure all equipments for handling of eggs are clean. Do have a maintenance program for these equipments<br />
- Room for storing and grading of eggs should always be clean. Place for grading cleaned each time after grading is finished for the day<br />
- Store eggs in correct position in clean place with low temperature and good ventilation</span></span><br />
<ul><li><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="color: black;">Records</span></b></span></li>
</ul><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"> - Farm records should be complete (source of chicks, feeds, death, culling, treatment, vaccination, egg production, grades of eggs and others). Records should be kept well and updated from time to time.</span></span><br />
<ul><li><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"><b>Monitoring performance</b></span></span></li>
</ul><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"> - Farm productivity norm indicators as a management guide.<br />
- Evaluate productivity index continuously.</span></span><br />
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<h5><span style="color: blue;">6. HEALTH</span></h5><ul><li><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="color: black;">Health Program</span></b></span></li>
</ul><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> - Prepare a written document on health programme for the farm and carry it out properly<br />
- Planning and carrying out of programme supervised closely by a recognized veterinary consultant <br />
- Assessed and updated from time to time</span> </span><br />
<ul><li><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="color: black;">Disease Control</span></b></span></li>
</ul><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"> - Monitor disease status in farm on a schedule basis. Keep complete, orderly and updated records of disease monitoring<br />
- Ascertain farm is free from Newcastle disease, zoonotic diseases (Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza and Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci and diseases carried through feeds (Salmonellosis, E.coli 157, Campylobacter, Lysteria),<br />
- Take immediate action to control its spread when a disease occurs in the farm</span></span><br />
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<ul><li><span style="color: #333399; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><b><span style="color: black;">Bio-security</span></b></span></li>
</ul><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"> - Prepare a written document on bio-security measures and carry it out properly<br />
- Provide full and complete facilities for bio-security <br />
- Entire boundary of farm to be fenced up at least with 'chain link' and maintained well <br />
- Have security guard at entrance to farm <br />
- Facilities for disinfection (roofed dip for tyres of vehicles and spray, foot bath, bathroom/mist spray). Buildings/structures constructed must ensure disinfection work can be carried out effectively. <br />
- Work facilities for workers that fulfill requirements for bio-security <br />
- Bio-security facilities for visitors who wish to enter production areas<br />
- Guide in carrying out bio-security rules and regulations<br />
- Only one passage way in and out of production areas used<br />
- Control system for movement of workers, visitors, vehicles, equipments and goods including baskets, chicks and feed in and out of production areas and between pens to make certain bio-security protocol stipulated is followed.<br />
- Close house system where air sucked out from one house does not direct straight to next house<br />
- Bio-security rules and regulations put up in strategic places in the farm for attention of workers<br />
- Effectiveness of bio-security protocol monitored and evaluated from time to time and make improvements where necessary</span></span><br />
<br />
<ul><li><div><b><span style="color: black;">DRUGS, POISON AND CHEMICALS</span></b></div></li>
</ul><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"> - Usage, handling and storage according to directions from manufacturers. Dosage, expiry date and storage place followed.<br />
- Only keep quantity deemed enough for use within certain period of time before its expiry date<br />
- Only use those endorsed by the Government</span></span><br />
<br />
<ul><li><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="color: black;">Vaccine and Vaccination Programme</span></b></span></li>
</ul><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"> - Prepare a written document on vaccination programme and carry it out properly<br />
- Use appropriate vaccine<br />
- Vaccines kept, handled and used according to directions from manufacturers<br />
- Do not use balance of vaccines already opened<br />
- Use only vaccines approved by the Government <br />
- Monitor effectiveness of vaccination done. </span></span><br />
<br />
<ul><li><span style="color: #333399; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="color: black;">Desinfection</span></b></span></span></li>
</ul><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"> - Pens disinfected thoroughly after every production cycle and left empty for a suitable period of time (can stop breeding cycle of disease carrier) before a new flock is brought in<br />
- All farm equipments disinfected thoroughly after use and kept in a clean and dry place <br />
- Monitor effectiveness of disinfection work carried out</span></span><br />
<br />
<h5><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333399; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">7. SANITATION</span></span></span></span></h5><ul><li><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="color: black;">Cleanliness</span></b></span></li>
</ul><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"> - Always keep farm premises and surroundings clean<br />
- Maintenance of growth and grasses in farm.<br />
- Maintenance of drainage system</span></span><br />
<ul><li><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="color: black;">Disposal of Farm Waste</span></b></span></li>
</ul><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"> - Dispose of dead chickens, pen litter, broken eggs and rubbish without delay. Practice proper disposal system: bury in holes with suitable depth, cover, burn in enclosed places and compose fertilizers out of these waste materials<br />
- Dead chickens collected and handled properly to avoid possibility of spread of disease<br />
- Ensure method of disposal does not pollute surroundings and disrupt public tranquility.<br />
- Special place for disposal far away from pens and source of water supply </span></span><br />
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<h5><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333399; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333399; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333399; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">8. PESTS CONTROL</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h5><ul><li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><b><span style="color: black;">Control Protocol</span></b></span></li>
</ul><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"> - Prepare a written document on control and carry it out properly. Evaluate effectiveness of protocol from time to time and improve if necessary</span></span><br />
<ul><li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><b><span style="color: black;">Construction of Pens and Store</span></b></span></li>
</ul><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"> - Bird and rat proof<br />
- Materials used, size and assembling to ensure birds cannot enter pens. Periodical checks to make sure always in good condition.<br />
- Make sure there's no place in the farm that will attract rats and birds to make their nests</span></span><br />
<ul><li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><b><span style="color: black;">Trees and Growth</span></b></span></li>
</ul><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"> - Trees that attracts birds to farm are not encouraged to be planted surrounding pens. Trees nearby should have branches well maintained<br />
- Grass and growth within 30 meter distance from pens maintained well and not be more than 15 centimeter to avoid becoming a nesting place or refuge for rats and birds. No grass and growth within at least 90 centimeter distance surrounding pens</span></span><br />
<ul><li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><b><span style="color: black;">Control and Monitoring of Rats</span></b></span></li>
</ul><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"> - Monitor infestation of rats from time to time and keep complete records<br />
- Take steps to ensure rat index is not more than 10<br />
- Take control measures if index is higher than this number</span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333399; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333399; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<h5><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333399; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333399; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333399; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333399; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333399; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333399; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333399; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333399; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333399; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">9. POLLUTION CONTROL</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h5><ul><li><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="color: black;">Files</span></b></span></li>
</ul><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"> - Take measures so that fly infestation in the farm is at a minimum level. Draw up a fly control program and carry it out properlyMonitor fly infestation at all stages of rearing periodically and keep complete records of fly index (use Scuder fly grill); must not be more than 10. Take control measures if index is higher than this number <br />
- Monitor fly infestation at all stages of rearing periodically and keep complete records of fly index (use Scuder fly grill); must not be more than 10. Take control measures if index is higher than this number</span></span><br />
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<ul><li><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="color: black;">Smell</span></b></span></li>
</ul><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"> - Take measures so that smell from farm does not disrupt tranquility of surroundings at any time<br />
- Take appropriate action on anything that may be a source of bad smell in farm and surroundings without delayo Dust<br />
- Ensure air sucked out from close house system does not pollute air and disrupt surrounding areas</span></span><br />
<ul><li><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="color: black;">Noise</span></b></span></li>
</ul><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"> - Noise from farm activities and equipments used does not bother public in surroundings</span></span><br />
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<h5><span style="color: blue;">10. WELFARE OF BIRDS AND WORKERS</span></h5><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333399; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333399; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333399; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333399; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333399; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333399; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333399; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333399; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333399; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<ul><li><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"><b>Livestock Management</b></span></span></li>
</ul><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"> Chickens are free from stress, injury and discomfort on arrival at farm and whole period of rearing, catching and transportation.</span></span><span style="color: navy; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: black;"> - Chickens get adequate water and nutritive feed <br />
- Conform to stage of growth at all times<br />
- Adequate shelter and protection from weather that can be detrimental to health <br />
- Suitable temperature according to stage of growth <br />
- Each chicken gets floor space in accordance with stage of growth <br />
- Each chicken gets water ad feeding space and at a height in accordance with stage of growth <br />
- Catch chickens in a way which will not cause injury <br />
- Transport using vehicles with good ventilation system <br />
- Prepare a contingency plan just in case there's any breakdown in transportation </span></span><br />
<ul><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: 15.6pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="color: black;">Ventilation</span></b></span> </span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: 15.6pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"> Monitor level of ammonia, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and oxygen in closed house system from time to time to ensure it does not affect health of chickens and workers. Gas levels must be as follows:</span></span></div><span style="color: black;"><table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="1" id="AutoNumber5" style="border-bottom: rgb(102,153,153) 0px solid; border-collapse: collapse; border-left: rgb(102,153,153) 0px solid; border-right: rgb(102,153,153) 0px solid; border-top: rgb(102,153,153) 0px solid;"><tbody>
<tr><td bgcolor="#e6e6e6" width="50%"><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> <span style="color: black;">Ammonia </span></span></b></td><td bgcolor="#e6e6e6" width="50%"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> below 20 ppm</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffcc99" width="50%"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> Carbon monoxide</span></b></td><td bgcolor="#ffcc99" width="50%"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> below 40 ppm</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#e6e6e6" width="50%"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> Carbon dioxide</span></b></td><td bgcolor="#e6e6e6" width="50%"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> below 0.3%</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffcc99" width="50%"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> Oxygen</span></b></td><td bgcolor="#ffcc99" width="50%"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> above 16%</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#e6e6e6" width="50%"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> Hydrogen sulfide </span></b></td><td bgcolor="#e6e6e6" width="50%"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> below 5 ppm</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table> </span><br />
<ul><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: 15.6pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="color: black;">Facilities for Workers</span></b></span> </span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: 15.6pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9pt;"> - Housing quarters, resting place for food and refreshments provided at a distance at least 15 meters from pens<br />
- Toilets in housing areas and farm<br />
- Clothing and safety measures for workers in high risk or accident-prone areas </span></span></div><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span> </span>abu nu'manhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16261474192936969275noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2709303286609499961.post-9602565018075860162011-05-23T00:59:00.001-07:002011-06-01T00:31:55.880-07:00Broiler Chicken (Ayam Pedaging)<h4><span style="font-size: small;">GUIDELINE TO A GOOD BROILER CHICKEN REARING PRACTICE</span></h4><h5><span style="font-size: small;">INTRODUCTION</span></h5><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"></span><br />
<div align="justify"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">1. MANAGEMENT</span></b></span> </div><ol><li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Workers' health</span></b> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Ensure all workers have good health status. Arrange health examination programme on a periodical basis.</span></li>
</ul></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Duties of workers</span></b> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Prepare a duty list for each and every worker</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Each and every farm worker should be clear about their duty and responsibility</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Supervise, identify weaknesses and take appropriate action for improvement</span></li>
</ul></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Training</span></b> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">Prepare and carry out training programme for workers from time to time</span></li>
</ul></li>
</ol><a name='more'></a><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">2. DEVELOPMENT OF AFARM AND FACILITIES</span></b></span> <br />
<ol><li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Location</span></b> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Location site for the farm should not be within area/region under structural planning and development of district or nearby to areas that have high possibility to be developed for public needs</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Complete and good facilities, (Road accessibility, drainage system, electricity supply and others)</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Good ventilation, not less than 0.5 kilometer distance from nearest poultry farm</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">At least 0.20 kilometer from developed areas like municipality, industrial, tourist attractions, public places and facilities.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Not nearby lakes, ponds and others that are always stopped at by migratory birds</span></li>
</ul></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Pens</span></b> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Pens should be built in areas separated from non-productive areas and fenced up to separate the two</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Not in close proximity with roads frequently used for transportation of chickens</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Design, size, construction and materials used permit:</span> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Optimum ventilation inside pens, comfortable and does not affect growth and health of chickens, as well as comfort and health of workers</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Effective disinfection work </span></li>
</ul></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>Ventilation :</b></span> </span><ul><li><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Temperature inside pens below 30<span style="font-family: Arial Black;">°</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">C (optimum 22-26</span><span style="font-family: Arial Black;">°</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">C). Humidity rate less than 70 %</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Buildings or trees nearby pens does not obstruct air circulation</span></li>
</ul></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><b>Design :</b></span></li>
</ul></li>
</ol><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><table border="0" cellspacing="1" id="AutoNumber2" style="border-bottom: rgb(192,192,192) 0px solid; border-collapse: collapse; border-left: rgb(192,192,192) 0px solid; border-right: rgb(192,192,192) 0px solid; border-top: rgb(192,192,192) 0px solid;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="center" bgcolor="#336600" width="28%"></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#336600" width="38%"><b><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial;">OPEN HOUSE SYSTEM</span></b></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#336600" width="34%"><b><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial;">CLOSE HOUSE SYSTEM</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="28%"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Width</span></td><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="38%"><span style="font-family: Arial;">not more than 10 meter</span></td><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="34%"><span style="font-family: Arial;">not more than 12 meter</span></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="28%"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Length</span></td><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="38%"><span style="font-family: Arial;">depending on need</span></td><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="34%"><span style="font-family: Arial;">not more than 150 meter</span></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="28%"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Wall to roof height</span></td><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="38%"><span style="font-family: Arial;">at least 2.7 meter</span></td><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="34%"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial;">-</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="28%"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Floor to roof height</span></td><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="38%"><span style="font-family: Arial;">at least 3.6 meter</span></td><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="34%"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial;">4 meter</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="28%"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Floor to ceiling height</span></td><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="38%"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial;">-</span></div></td><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="34%"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial;">2.1 - 3.0 meter</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="28%"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Ground to floor height</span></td><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="38%"><span style="font-family: Arial;">(manual waste collection) : 1.95 meter</span></td><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="34%"><span style="font-family: Arial;">(manual waste collection) : 1.95 meter</span></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="28%"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Length of roof side</span></td><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="38%"><span style="font-family: Arial;">at least 0.9-1.2 meter</span></td><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="34%"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial;">same</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="28%"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Roof gradient</span></td><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="38%"><span style="font-family: Arial;">at least 1-20 degree</span></td><td bgcolor="#dcd338" width="34%"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial;">same</span></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></span><br />
<ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Length axis of pens should be in east-west direction to reduce effect of direct sunlight on chickens</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Distance between pens at least the same as width of pens</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Design is such that chickens are not exposed to injury</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Enough exit doors for safety of workers and birds during emergency. For close house system, should install alarm signal</span></li>
</ul><ol><li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Plan of Farm</span></b> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Prepare a structural plan of farm showing main accessible routes to farm, development of surrounding areas like villages, towns and source of water supply nearby.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">showing location of pens and other farm facilities</span></li>
</ul></li>
</ol><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">3. FEED</span></b></span> <br />
<ol><li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Feed</span></b> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Supply from feed mills that observe good manufacturing practice (GMP) or those recognized as its equivalent by the Department of Veterinary Services</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Store in a place with good ventilation so as not to allow its quality to spoil, growth of fungus and breeding of pests</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Store in clean, rat and bird proof place.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Do not keep poison materials in feed store.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Do not keep feed too long. For stores with cement or ground flooring, feed should be kept on a base height not less than 15sm.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Monitor quality of feed and cleanliness from time to time</span></li>
</ul></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Water</span></b> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Use water from supply that is clean or treated with chlorine and other sanitizers approved by the Government</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Avoid contamination. Use covered drinkers that can be easily washed </span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Use drinkers that will not easily rust and not made from materials that can lead to poisoning</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Monitor quality (pH, chemicals, bacteria, metal, odour, colour) from time to time</span></li>
</ul></li>
</ol><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><table border="0" cellspacing="1" id="AutoNumber3" style="border-bottom: rgb(192,192,192) 0px solid; border-collapse: collapse; border-left: rgb(192,192,192) 0px solid; border-right: rgb(192,192,192) 0px solid; border-top: rgb(192,192,192) 0px solid;"><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;" width="100%"><div align="center"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Contents of good drinking water<br />
</span></b></div></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" bgcolor="#dcd338" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1px solid; border-top: medium none;" width="50%"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">pH</span></b></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#dcd338" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;" width="50%"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.5 - 8.0</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" bgcolor="#336600" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1px solid; border-top: medium none;" width="50%"><b><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial;">Total soluble solids</span></b></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#336600" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;" width="50%"><b><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial;">< 550 ppm</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" bgcolor="#dcd338" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1px solid; border-top: medium none;" width="50%"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Chlorides</span></b></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#dcd338" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;" width="50%"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">< 250 ppm</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" bgcolor="#336600" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1px solid; border-top: medium none;" width="50%"><b><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial;">Iron</span></b></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#336600" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;" width="50%"><b><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial;">< 0.3 ppm</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" bgcolor="#dcd338" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1px solid; border-top: medium none;" width="50%"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sulphate</span></b></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#dcd338" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;" width="50%"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">< 250 ppm</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" bgcolor="#336600" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1px solid; border-top: medium none;" width="50%"><b><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial;">Nitrates</span></b></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#336600" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;" width="50%"><b><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial;">< 10 ppm</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" bgcolor="#dcd338" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1px solid; border-top: medium none;" width="50%"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Nitrites</span></b></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#dcd338" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;" width="50%"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">< 1 ppm</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" bgcolor="#336600" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1px solid; border-top: medium none;" width="50%"><b><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial;">Chlorine</span></b></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#336600" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;" width="50%"><b><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial;">< 0.05 ppm</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" bgcolor="#dcd338" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1px solid; border-top: medium none;" width="50%"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Oxygen</span></b></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#dcd338" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;" width="50%"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">7 - 14</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">4. LIVESTOCK</span></b></span> <br />
<ul><li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: navy;">Chicks</span></span></b></span> <ul><li><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="color: navy;">Obtain chicks from breeder farms or hatcheries accredited by the Department of Veterinary Services or which observe management procedures acknowledged equivalent to accreditation prerequisites</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="color: navy;">Check quality upon arrival.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="color: navy;">Should be from same flock or same age </span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="color: navy;">Chicks from different sources are not to be reared as one flock</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;"> </span></b></span></li>
</ul></li>
</ul><span style="font-size: small;"><b></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">5. MANAGEMENT OF LIVESTOCK AND EQUIPMENTS</span></b></span> <br />
<ol><li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Management Guide</span></b> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Prepare a farm management guide that includes management of livestock, feeds and water, pens, vaccination, use and maintenance of equipments, animal health and others</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Put a brief guide on management in each and every pen for workers' easy reference</span></li>
</ul></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Quality Control</span></b> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Practice daily management, use and maintenance of facilities as well as equipments that will ascertain growth and good quality chicks</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">That will ensure farming does not cause :</span> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">pollution and interference to surroundings </span></li>
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
<li><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">spread of disease</span> </span></li>
</span></ul></li>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
<li>Prepare a quality assurance programme</li>
</span></ul></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Records</span></b> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Farm records should be complete (source of chicks, feeds, death, culling, treatment, vaccination and others). Records should be kept well and updated from time to time.</span></li>
</ul></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Monitoring performance</span></b> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Farm productivity norm indicators as a management guide.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Evaluate management competence continuously</span></li>
</ul></li>
</ol><span style="font-size: small;"><b></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">6. HEALTH</span></b></span> <br />
<ol><li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Health Program</span></b> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Prepare a written document on health programme for the farm and carry it out properly</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Planning and carrying out of programme supervised closely by a recognized veterinary consultant </span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Assessed and updated from time to time</span></li>
</ul></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Disease Control</span></b> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Monitor disease status in farm on a schedule basis. Keep complete, orderly and updated records of disease monitoring</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Ascertain farm is free from Newcastle disease, zoonotic diseases (Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza and Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci and diseases carried through feeds (Salmonellosis, E.coli 157, Campylobacter, Lysteria),</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Take immediate action to control its spread when a disease occurs in the farm</span></li>
</ul></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Bio-security</span></b> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Prepare a written document on bio-security measures and carry it out properly</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Provide full and complete facilities for bio-security </span> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Entire boundary of farm to be fenced up at least with 'chain link' and maintained well</span></li>
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
<li><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Have security guard at entrance to farm</span> </span></li>
<li><span style="color: black;">Facilities for disinfection (roofed dip for tyres of vehicles and spray, foot bath, bathroom/mist spray). Buildings/structures constructed must ensure disinfection work can be carried out effectively.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black;">Facilities that fulfill bio-security requirements for visitors who wish to enter production areas </span></li>
</span></ul></li>
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
<li><span style="color: black;">Guide in carrying out bio-security rules and regulations</span></li>
</span><ul><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
<li><span style="color: black;">Only one passage way in and out of production areas used </span></li>
<li><span style="color: black;">Control system for movement of workers, visitors, vehicles, equipments and goods including baskets, chicks and feed in and out of production areas and between pens to make certain bio-security protocol stipulated is followed</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black;">Close house system where air sucked out from one house does not direct straight to next house</span></li>
</span></ul><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
<li><span style="color: black;">Bio-security rules and regulations put up in strategic places in the farm for attention of workers</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black;">Effectiveness of bio-security protocol monitored and evaluated from time to time and make improvements where necessary</span></li>
</span></ul></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Drug, Poison and Chemicals</span></b> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Usage, handling and storage according to directions from manufacturers. Dosage, expiry date and storage place followed.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Only keep quantity deemed enough for use within certain period of time before its expiry date</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Only use those endorsed by the Government</span></li>
</ul></li>
<li><span style="color: #333399; font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">Vaccine and Vaccination Programme</span></b> </span><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;"><table border="0" cellspacing="1" id="AutoNumber4" style="border-bottom: rgb(17,17,17) 0px solid; border-collapse: collapse; border-left: rgb(17,17,17) 0px solid; border-right: rgb(17,17,17) 0px solid; border-top: rgb(17,17,17) 0px solid;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="center" bgcolor="#336600" width="33%"><b><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial;">Age</span></b></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#336600" width="33%"><b><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial;">Type of Vaccine</span></b></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#336600" width="34%"><b><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial;">Method</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" bgcolor="#e6e6e6" width="33%"><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial;">1 day</span></b></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#e6e6e6" width="33%"><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial;">ND + IB</span></b></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#e6e6e6" width="34%"><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial;">Intranasal</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" bgcolor="#e6e6e6" width="33%"><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial;">7 days</span></b></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#e6e6e6" width="33%"><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial;">ND + IB</span></b></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#e6e6e6" width="34%"><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial;">Intranasal</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" bgcolor="#e6e6e6" width="33%"><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial;">14 days</span></b></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#e6e6e6" width="33%"><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial;">IBD</span></b></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#e6e6e6" width="34%"><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial;">Oral</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" bgcolor="#e6e6e6" width="33%"><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial;">21 days</span></b></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#e6e6e6" width="33%"><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial;">ND + IB</span></b></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#e6e6e6" width="34%"><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial;">Oral</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table></span></b></span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Prepare a written document on vaccination programme and carry it out properly</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Use appropriate vaccine</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Vaccines kept, handled and used according to directions from manufacturers</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Do not use balance of vaccines already opened</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Use only vaccines approved by the Government </span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Monitor effectiveness of vaccination done.</span></li>
</ul></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Disinfection</span></b> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Pens disinfected thoroughly after every production cycle and left empty for a suitable period of time (can stop breeding cycle of disease carrier) before a new flock is brought in</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">All farm equipments disinfected thoroughly after use and kept in a clean and dry place</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Monitor effectiveness of disinfection work carried out</span></li>
</ul></li>
</ol><span style="font-size: small;"><b></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">7. SANITATION</span></b></span> <br />
<ol><li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Cleanliness</span></b> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Always keep farm premises and surroundings clean</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Maintenance of growth and grasses in farm</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Maintenance of drainage system</span></li>
</ul></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Disposal of Farm Waste</span></b> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Dispose of dead chickens, pen litter and rubbish without delay. Practice proper disposal system: bury in holes with suitable depth, cover, burn in enclosed places and compose fertilizers out of these waste materials</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Dead chickens collected and handled properly to avoid possibility of spread of disease</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Ensure method of disposal does not pollute surroundings and disrupt public tranquility.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Special place for disposal far away from pens and source of water supply</span></li>
</ul></li>
</ol><span style="font-size: small;"><b></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">8. PESTS CONTROL</span></b></span> <br />
<ol><li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Control Protocol</span></b> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Prepare a written document on control and carry it out properly. Evaluate effectiveness of protocol from time to time and improve if necessary</span></li>
</ul></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Construction of Pens and Store</span></b> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Bird and rat proof</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Materials used, size and assembling to ensure birds cannot enter pens. Periodical checks to make sure always in good condition</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Make sure there's no place in the farm that will attract rats and birds to make their nests</span></li>
</ul></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Trees and Growth</span></b> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Trees that attracts birds to farm are not encouraged to be planted surrounding pens. Trees nearby should have branches well maintained</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Grass and growth within 30 meter distance from pens maintained well and not be more than 15 centimeter to avoid becoming a nesting place or refuge for rats and birds. No grass and growth within at least 0.9m distance surrounding pens</span></li>
</ul></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Control of Rats</span></b> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Monitor infestation of rats from time to time and keep complete records</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Take steps to ensure rat index is not more than 10</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Take control measures if index is higher than this number</span></li>
</ul></li>
</ol><span style="font-size: small;"><b></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">9. POLLUTION CONTROL</span></b></span> <br />
<ol><li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Files</span></b> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Take measures so that fly infestation in the farm is at a minimum level. Draw up a fly control program and carry it out properly</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Monitor fly infestation at all stages of rearing periodically and keep complete records of fly index (use Scuder fly grill); must not be more than 10. Take control measures if index is higher than this number</span></li>
</ul></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Smell</span></b> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Take measures so that smell from farm does not disrupt tranquility of surroundings at any time</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Take appropriate action on anything that may be a source of bad smell in farm and surroundings without delay</span></li>
</ul></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Dust</span></b> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Ensure air sucked out from close house system does not pollute air and disrupt surrounding areas</span></li>
</ul></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Noise</span></b> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Noise from farm activities and equipments used does not bother public in surroundings</span></li>
</ul></li>
</ol><span style="font-size: small;"><b></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">10.WELFARE OF BIRDS AND WORKERS</span></b></span> <br />
<ol><li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Livestock Management</span></b> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Chickens are free from stress, injury and discomfort on arrival at farm and whole period of rearing, catching and transportation.</span> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Chickens get adequate water and nutritive feed</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Conform to stage of growth at all times </span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Adequate shelter and protection from weather that can be detrimental to health</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Suitable temperature according to stage of growth </span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Each chicken gets floor space in accordance with stage of growth </span></li>
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
<li><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Each chicken gets water ad feeding space and at a height in accordance with stage of growth</span> </span></li>
<li><span style="color: black;">Catch chickens in a way which will not cause injury </span></li>
<li><span style="color: black;">Transport using vehicles with good ventilation system </span></li>
<li><span style="color: black;">Prepare a contingency plan just in case there's any breakdown in <span style="font-family: Arial;">transportation</span></span></li>
</span></ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Ventilation</span></b> </span><ul><li><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Monitor level of ammonia, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and oxygen in closed house system from time to time to ensure it does not affect health of chickens and workers. Gas levels must be as follows:</span></span> <table border="0" cellspacing="1" id="AutoNumber5" style="border-bottom: rgb(102,153,153) 0px solid; border-collapse: collapse; border-left: rgb(102,153,153) 0px solid; border-right: rgb(102,153,153) 0px solid; border-top: rgb(102,153,153) 0px solid;"><tbody>
<tr><td bgcolor="#e6e6e6" width="50%"><span style="font-size: small;">Ammonia </span></td><td bgcolor="#e6e6e6" width="50%"><span style="font-size: small;">below 20 ppm</span></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffcc99" width="50%"><span style="font-size: small;">Carbon monoxide</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffcc99" width="50%"><span style="font-size: small;">below 40 ppm</span></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#e6e6e6" width="50%"><span style="font-size: small;">Carbon dioxide</span></td><td bgcolor="#e6e6e6" width="50%"><span style="font-size: small;">below 0.3%</span></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffcc99" width="50%"><span style="font-size: small;">Oxygen</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffcc99" width="50%"><span style="font-size: small;">above 16%</span></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#e6e6e6" width="50%"><span style="font-size: small;">Hydrogen sulfide </span></td><td bgcolor="#e6e6e6" width="50%"><span style="font-size: small;">below 5 ppm</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table></li>
</ul></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Facilities for Workers</span></b> </span><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Housing quarters, resting place for food and refreshments provided at a distance at least 15 meters from pens</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Toilets in housing areas and farm</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Clothing and safety measures for workers in high risk or accident-prone areas</span></li>
</ul></li>
</ol><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: small;"></span><br />
<div align="justify"><div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijrhTtXFhoPINBOnvA9kzmeL84xJyAgTM-VL3HukASOeGItwmXSekB9M2rPSATx5vBiuc4YIPv8x1ApGMXL00GvEA1lXXujuIH45O8KPe_69QJhzH7plqf9yhbC2x3_0oUkYNP510nKuhw/s1600/anak_ayam.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijrhTtXFhoPINBOnvA9kzmeL84xJyAgTM-VL3HukASOeGItwmXSekB9M2rPSATx5vBiuc4YIPv8x1ApGMXL00GvEA1lXXujuIH45O8KPe_69QJhzH7plqf9yhbC2x3_0oUkYNP510nKuhw/s1600/anak_ayam.jpg" t8="true" /></a></div><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: black;">The current market trend of chicken, irrespective whether international or local, is getting more and more competitive. Price, quality and cleanliness of products are among the main factors contributing towards a guaranteed market. Public and consumer evaluation about food safety, nature quality, tranquility and animal welfare is also changing. The producer must be sensitive to changes in needs of public and market trend. Hence, methods of farm management should also change. A farm must be managed more competently in order to become more productive, competitive, farm activities environment friendly and products suitable for consumer needs. Animal and workers' welfare needs also must be given due attention. Confidence of public and consumers towards poultry farms need to be established, and with this will assure continuous production and investment returns.</span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span><span style="color: black;">This paper is prepared as a guide for broiler chicken industrialists to observe good farming practice to upgrade their farm towards better quality, more productive, highly competitive and environment friendly</span> </div><div align="justify"><br />
</div>abu nu'manhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16261474192936969275noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2709303286609499961.post-10874729533902785862011-05-23T00:33:00.000-07:002011-05-23T04:37:47.227-07:00Pengeraman Telur Ayam (Incubator)<h3 class="post-title entry-title"></h3><div class="post-header"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-5251486616043106135"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikmxEMBacr6KBkCoCmwq7AOO2loP4-e-pytUXCfH88b2CKbtwBB1OlWvBCLs12_-BgOx27YsPBNAmSa4sYxxmSUDKtq4lnvePurJ9lccWO9vZcTpsWiDOCaUb5903ZnjTTZqbS6e1HAyUt/s1600-h/hhhh.bmp"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438843893792635602" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikmxEMBacr6KBkCoCmwq7AOO2loP4-e-pytUXCfH88b2CKbtwBB1OlWvBCLs12_-BgOx27YsPBNAmSa4sYxxmSUDKtq4lnvePurJ9lccWO9vZcTpsWiDOCaUb5903ZnjTTZqbS6e1HAyUt/s400/hhhh.bmp" style="display: block; height: 303px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><b>Mesin Incubator</b></span> </span><br />
Incubator adalah sebuah mesin yang direka bagi menggantikan tugas pengeraman oleh induk haiwan yang mana ia mempunyai satu sistem kawalan bagi mengawal suhu, kelembapan dan keadaan lain yang diperlukan bagi menetaskan telur haiwan tersebut.<br />
Biasanya bagi telur unggas seperti spesis burung ( ayam, itik dsb ), suhu yang di gunakan adalah sekitar 38 – 40oC dalam tempoh pengeraman yang berbeza bagi setiap spesis.<br />
Pada hari ini, incubator digunakan secara meluas dalam industri penternakan samada kecil, sederhana atau besar.<br />
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<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>MENGAPA ANDA PERLU MENGGUNAKAN INCUBATOR ?</b></span> </span><br />
1)Induk/ayam betina akan bertelur sepanjang tahun tanpa perlu melalui tempoh pengeraman, ini akan menambah kuantiti telur yang dihasilkan per tahun<br />
2)Kadar tumbesaran dan waktu penetasan anak ayam boleh diseragamkan, anak ayam yang menetas serentak juga dapat menjimatkan ruang didikan kerana tiada ibu ayam diperlukan, ini memudahkan proses penternakan.<br />
3)Kurang ancaman dari pemangsa seperti biawak, ular, monyet, musang dan sebagainya serta terlindung dari kesejukan akibat persekitaran semulajadi.<br />
4)Tiada ancaman pembawa penyakit seperti bakteria, kulat, hama, serangga, semut dansebagainya.<br />
Kurang risiko kerosakan telur akibat induk/ibu ayam, seperti telur pecah dipijak, dipatuk dan dimakan, mengeram ketika bulu basah, telur tidak tereram akibat saiz badan induk yang kecil, telur/sarang ditinggalkan dan sebagainya.<br />
5)Dapat menyelamatkan telur-telur yang ditinggalkan oleh induk/ibu ayam ketika tempoh pengeraman masih belum tamat contohnya ditinggalkan pada hari ke-15 dan sebagainya.<br />
6)Menjimatkan kos pembelian anak ayam hidup, kos pengeraman menggunakan incubator adalah satu kali ganda lebih rendah berbanding kos pembelian anak ayam.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #33ff33;">PANDUAN MEMILIH DAN MENJAGA TELUR SEBELUM PENGERAMAN</span></b></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438804575128168530" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwrCBQks9f26ufk36zQsvBCfZJHXmaje_KN70WxJRDpW_29KVyaw2CJg6jc27XQQXRCxzbRFdfgk53iISzevkQAyarxXEm7v0m3u-hcbzDHhuN17u1-521ErLV9cGZVFKugOxo_fz4aoev/s400/17.bmp" style="display: block; height: 288px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438804140059259026" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizOi2-W-5DE8w44NfKrCXkIJkaz9SQbTDfjrByyamwiZPtY-Wgs1ikPDNGYM9z1Co4rKrenNpLEVjaZIU0q1Pp96YhkFC1dpkerLxZWDvtTXpFaoYPFcNIdB2ZS7R1ceC5pkdMiqc0oPbB/s400/18.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438803743620102754" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJGIW_EEc57ZviDRX1Sdqj7ny41OFtf_HNyiCH2vIgUE6XfxwOWc4_ICGIN_WbAPW0sb07daemj8XKnEKJhkjMqGu7l3HC5yzN3ZLlYvlvalQCh-B2QRAr3shuKBEE7P9F3B3nlCinwFlv/s400/19.bmp" style="display: block; height: 288px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></span><br />
<div><div><div><div><div><div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438802949227738498" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcC6368xHOGrf6ccPuwoeXh0VEwstIytmmPxA1ec46JruyHLXX5sV4p7mmO3DmnGgbwIFELjr4TdrMWpfNnU_3WJQ_P2wDE0MtkAUApzO3pqrcS_AkI7nNEx4nmgzsi08WzRa18zECKE8P/s400/20.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438802530907470162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6tew9g0YU7IoPKLLFafnFjWeWhsUABsMGUfdusGmWSsFdHz3NueqV0xHV_XraCfVgwOghXTUZbNNoPlrAC336s7I8paWjMEjpiG4RY2be1fny-lLh6vSucqA2etM2i3xEqtD9__Wsyfxw/s400/21.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438801702461079650" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtwOMovvQcsRbPgqSIJcK-eazpS0M-M6z4hHTqiEgeQ9vNHxil2wG6bYTnVGwJhkp8HBRADlBrJfbAlaU5wIs2WDVSBUUCPpQZmBCBN7Uzp7FQUxQbttegaB1ZRk3-Uodbw2sh7ixJ6_Dx/s400/22.bmp" style="display: block; height: 294px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br />
<div align="center"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #33ff33; font-size: 180%;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Antara Contoh Mesin Incobutor </span></b></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj37k2XiAfTl_zjTIuPCKvLGi82Vh72UkyFjJDc-ZX8mz8le8WzkFmQ1FqU4kXxNUWzrzlYr-WvQd9xbgrgnMCS1Wl5bww9GUNu65HIbmAEw_eWWrEENsA9jf5o_a64VGsUYkcVxyABKotl/s1600-h/DSC01952.JPG"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438841453092045778" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj37k2XiAfTl_zjTIuPCKvLGi82Vh72UkyFjJDc-ZX8mz8le8WzkFmQ1FqU4kXxNUWzrzlYr-WvQd9xbgrgnMCS1Wl5bww9GUNu65HIbmAEw_eWWrEENsA9jf5o_a64VGsUYkcVxyABKotl/s400/DSC01952.JPG" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></span></a> <img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438841275124416258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAtb8vynX_D_a3LP3gbqSY0i0IVC__700PlpSgs-Sg6cV0CogGHKF23ZKoQFvOu7Tcv9386os5RJmyT5DTEM-LIWrz47bTdpl3pGMoe7GH2NYTkv3V_bqtsmt0OqaWxbhZYeSbBZQL8rdF/s400/DSC01953.JPG" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438841123291722802" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjTkG4kQkWM4yxXCN8fT2i4yql4xxyCxyXXvrcRYpfOIoMKBMLvpLzbuRGVxye94lDqYcaOGtJLDndJY01GYF2UN2DCPfZIKNSeERL9yq5z3b-0rmeNnSZYPwtJZwK4lh8PyYIyiREJJ-7/s400/DSC01955.JPG" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438808925592591394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC0uHBbcf5Gee0jE8mN9G_5pRZtncuupiM03xEzOUziLh4b_fZI3J2qqs_XoMhOo-qQ84TPVch9FLk7hnWid3af7Jxnwupedot7HXfKv6AmmuH9W_czt9lrlqMuL2oAV62OdKkEDJ0jBg7/s400/7.bmp" style="display: block; height: 261px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438808752828229986" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqKzUMMN_yF77MV1walM6PUVrPNgBoLAWSvU8Z2IgUK4OoY6VuyCEwsy7EEzekLemwZdGoi6eptlMN2pUNM0Cdxswv71mZ0pA8Kt2UVOb3Z2lSfiAOROgzQlBhD9syVhuDbdu9fENIuKvs/s400/8.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Temperatures Incobutor Suhu yang dicadangkan</b></span><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438809031063991858" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0Xz7yRKcRJG2UTlkWaUt7YnUxytwM3eKgVn3Tst1gnz4ySX3BRm2KapYTZLyXN9joOgNauRPf_FrZlJnavcHmP0JBXRyO1VZu-mRV0GgTVMq_PmsfmkjL5WnAQcF6KH2st-I8TSzW831_/s400/6.bmp" style="display: block; height: 166px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 379px;" /></span></div><br />
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #33ff33; font-size: 180%;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Tempoh masa Tetasan</span></b></span></div><div align="left">Mesin Incobutor tersebut dapat keluarkan anak ayam sekitar 200 ~ 230 ekor setiap pusingan. Tempoh tetas adalah 27 hari. Pada hari ke-26 anak telah menebuk, dalam tempoh 24 jam anak ayam akan menebuk sekeliling telur dan penetasan berlaku.Bagi ayam kampung, tempoh tetas adalah 18 hari - 21</div><div align="left">hari Lebih kurang.</div><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438811598120335954" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkZMFHezDGtqlP_MY5lLHHZFJF0WC5vD_3jtBH9H-XRiBsYTlsD_iMIOVfO-uY0VKu0F76AGr6ecOWfwqqCaGO4TXgOBq3gy65_hXCU7oLZQd_1qxaNTVpXnJHYKBqqw7h7yoLCuqCoCyc/s400/2.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><br />
<div style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438810587812620402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh25ewKnOedeskXyboyXTIfId8TJsJL8f4zqVkNouvbH9rukjFwcOUgb8gSbjKDY8dwzPgqhRRX_jZNcCT5VxrXnUbBPRFX5tiDCCCDsvFep1wHISfEMlNJxB6Psyvj-ZoqQV0iaaaop7oG/s400/3.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438810024853532050" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ5USQwJm-S4sGU7LambvR6jef4rFWOL5WOb-OsUpr_k6GQmCh3sijnIPHClJIsrOEc5T5vcWVNjLJjX6xsQtrXQSbR7ZLWbSZQb4rkAn9h6uMs_QGYa17GRnTOPKHZp3lJSwIEunwGWh_/s400/4.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438809609601559730" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUGO01nt3EaTewV8t7OxcwRV8rh7h3HbUXrmfmRA4QJVxYDatBoYt7zoQDtomf5AM1TluAZy1ZDSfW5Wf9rF82StaWruNzf-fmkcMiQLX9pTU6XDPzBQrB1XM8rYk6e572KFOM_bXJB3zT/s400/5.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>PANDUAN MENGGUNAKAN FORCED-AIR INCUBATOR</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438808595630160674" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEious7YOuVCJT7FCMwMhAswRO7huolM4inm3cq39DQKBKA6hu4w5hdevElNhXgRaD78x4Q1E1LsA_8x_dS2S-p-GY0Op8azLx2EmxQDgY341ZclvxF4I0iboiWcL-k8cJsWuKZkOzOv-prG/s400/9.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438808119698920450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1lSpOAtgEjGx3NQlWfbuDbfvvOCzfYzzIfD56jiIpFsMUd-Kswwa-2z3Vo2coSsyan5anmrwjn_kGYtUAYJadwfiiULREOtaqaCf1Hr0fRA1Udg0aq4KkuL41cPFGcz4hz1xvQTtfpqRy/s400/10.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438806964811829826" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjex8KfwPhXMfO9iifFXEs6M3vbAXYznRgLxVciJzn7arwFsuUguTRM2yqKMVCJyi621flPWeEfzzBjbdD10FfwfVVcN29Ao_8PiwPLqzyJkU_91NIxNwl_ujJY3vXn7lYKyVuXDbgNgKxA/s400/12.bmp" style="display: block; height: 288px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></span> <img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438806566232291042" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOG3m-2RMOVQQG8-25I3ri3gQF1BDXav9LMrzYSzj_QSsyw3GiE7vDjhXi5fwYFiT3WMpxt11VAp9qTRw5Wk09EjD26Nkt4fwsyEcvrlHwLi2mg_clTozltVv6s1n5fNZRJe53ZwZHLeo4/s400/13.bmp" style="display: block; height: 285px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438805580982347938" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvteX3fM9Mw5TGqqlV3YpSIxqmTRPVfD-MqNgmDGDFduKu34BKIrZN4YD7CLGZDsX7FAx6u3pN7F3tipcSoYHB-2SAu0ffbGuoLYwHP4RgsbEwoJC0Lq16IplTQIPuxBRqVaF3nqoHyFku/s400/15.bmp" style="display: block; height: 289px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438805012151737202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFIIv1k86-YRQO3mnSYNP6vzXxn-BdsHWlIDQ_cw3s4Ud-Vxx36qMZ5SOwk7sRfrG3Zkh_7mFWxAinTx-LqmJMPiothJAghaWGUO7kD20NHZ2zF2vtA0wWRpVgV3dZMIc4E19akXoPPKDm/s400/16.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>PANDUAN MENYULUH TELUR / EGG CANDLING</b></span><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438801279399338098" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjudcjN1QcxJKscG6XRUumNLWQx7eh5EK1EcXjnuwqkepSvNKFRwzdX7oIcXJsz1NbLXQx0zBLNEqwLA85mZfrEq7CtpHPLXojLBsjoqSitHVksIO54vDCvw8glAM4Jvayec0_1yo1esQUe/s400/23.bmp" style="display: block; height: 288px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438800853505142514" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_0t_PBFk1PT7xBOsPfk5sul_fmQ-FeWHl1S_4WUrhPSK80pUWFnODxG2lIKjBH7VtfB9Vr6Uj3CfbLhtGQLsjQKvM56KNBFWCz3khMKwzWBiIEbpdM5V6Wk3_U7VOF3z0xagyX3yq2r7F/s400/24.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438800435185089250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtlQzQSqX95fUOJrKTm2-QJzWJJuYc19z66ubpO7W-pqjmQwiuApVamkQYGIvimYota_xIcwLbonReDJ-n9RYYOHpi0ul65bXStgrNRHfau-92DSGQYb6ZopqxVA3w1CKl3_OxLZB9Tzmh/s400/25.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438800053680688994" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjovd4ptNf5v5Vj27GZpihQTFSrQhS_QLEGvDTPCIs9kfnI7wfQb8xXYu8-KERcp8YUJ3eZoLiLLdvE95yKFwNSjS3sMwXDNXFFxP2UMbB9GnEAPUK_mHYd38dzN_GPSEitvbrrKhYJ_BM4/s400/26.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438799669098689330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAkA_PixVUUIo-LO2MOC7-Sk4Eyxdl1tSL0SvOoiO_DkmJqwsyv9ymUOXbppeSzGmhEAF6cfooFUz3zYVI0KENoPOjNdiAU6Z9HL8gqejIswqlRGjqyshbpkqgylwVJ45L4U30u5NJsZyy/s400/27.bmp" style="display: block; height: 294px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438799262036230098" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitJhpiTGmTAuGSjhOQKplKTq6_qaaEufwGN6YjtBt6SORydxfqCBTVtj4kJMyNYX3sDUSQcJs6Jg1MJ0-QZPYSObs3arO5z62N0C-YiWRtkx-EVqa1KvuZnTYsZlFEnOfkQt6GTWCmCc32/s400/28.bmp" style="display: block; height: 287px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></span> </div></div></div>abu nu'manhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16261474192936969275noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2709303286609499961.post-89099980437845780072011-05-23T00:29:00.001-07:002011-05-23T04:17:54.217-07:00Ayam Kampung<h3 class="post-title entry-title"></h3><div class="post-header"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-5984298748854689255"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWiNMeqSUxzNC7obZhVBcSbxCzMCmuLYyKu1jL7WEIXrbShFTwrzlpqwb4PBJ8o3sJxfi1zv8aK0EUT_3oGLnjnk7HigsqekAivj1LUNTA7ysPhZfKuk8WXvI9EegAlGK1oP3oke3-KrRf/s1600-h/nnnn.bmp"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438580305063664962" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWiNMeqSUxzNC7obZhVBcSbxCzMCmuLYyKu1jL7WEIXrbShFTwrzlpqwb4PBJ8o3sJxfi1zv8aK0EUT_3oGLnjnk7HigsqekAivj1LUNTA7ysPhZfKuk8WXvI9EegAlGK1oP3oke3-KrRf/s400/nnnn.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> <b><span style="color: #33ff33;">TUJUAN MEMELIHARA AYAM KAMPONG</span></b><br />
<br />
<div><div>Adalah untuk menggalakkan penternak kecil memelihara ayam kampong. melalui aktiviti ini negara dapat mengimport bahan-bahan makanan ayam disamping meningkatkan pengeluaran bahan-bahan makanan ayam tempatan. Disamping itu;<br />
Telur dan daging untuk makanan keluarga<br />
Telur boleh ditetaskan untuk pembiakan<br />
Andai berlebihan boleh dijual untuk menambah pendapatan.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>KEISTIMEWAAN AYAM KAMPONG</b></span><br />
Boleh dibiakkan sepanjang tahun<br />
Boleh dipelihara secara bebas pada waktu siang<br />
Sisa makanan rumah boleh diberikan tanpa had<br />
Ibu dapat menetaskan telur dengan sendirinya.<br />
Ibu boleh mengawal anak-anaknya dari cuaca sejuk dan gangguan musuh.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>SISTEM PERUMAHAN</b></span><br />
Reban diperlukan untuk melindungi daripada cuaca buruk dan gangguan musuh. Boleh dibuat menggunakan ” Sistem Lantai Atas ” atau ” Sistem Lantai Bawah .<br />
1 ekor ayam memerlukan 1 kaki persegi. Jika 20 ekor ayam, keluasan lantai ialah 20 ekor kaki persegi. reban seluas 4 kaki x 5 kaki memadai.<br />
kayu hutan, kayu sayung, buluh , dawai mata punai atau pukat<br />
gunakan peralatan makan/minum yang murah. <img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438578656050799666" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5KULCmg_62ip98TtjwJvtRMAwuNt_6rlQysu6bIUUXuH19YAsmlrt9Ur76HI5cGSZaBs0nhESQTKRNxCUMXe8xZoPo6zIas3pxe8Kdj5C2kvdVeE3kg2GyaK35YA8EZosT4WSKH5ds1FN/s400/hhh.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438575183931036722" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZiFA_qto92UmuB6qkPLt6UA_YY8Gsa0TbNsQJdJDvhx1EBd5jLjWwxiI1HIe8eURvocb12mj0153s4qslLd5PrT6W76doGYQHFZOxkS9cLv2AhOsNfs8HcnaLy89Aq6OiAdAtI2db3y1Y/s400/4.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> <b><span style="color: #33ff33;">PEMAKANAN AYAM</span></b><br />
Terdapat dua (2) jenis makanan iaitu:-<br />
Makanan komersil/dagangan<br />
Makanan Ayam Permulaan (Layer Starter Mash)<br />
Makanan Ayam Membesar (Layer Grower Mash/Pellet)<br />
Makanan Ayam Penghabisan (Layer Finisher Mash/Pellet)<br />
Makanan Campuran atau Sisa Makanan<br />
Lebihan nasi, hampas kelapa, isi kelapa<br />
Dedak, beras hancur, padi, ubi kayu/keledek<br />
Ikan baja dan lain-lain <img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438576847969471122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzlfnpIMXw_k6UtyQeBe6m7mYmapCAxghUYyqPpXViN2viIH6-htpSVhu3LcU81QzZASEYcfsogQKzjuPOmIDJceYppcp0DKLlLNOEixUIeciB7XKgBxyhbH605J_k3zQkTE-NiFukTQ0w/s400/6.bmp" style="display: block; height: 253px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438576530996461506" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiksv8gPyr0efBUmoCwht5J7flOXx-sA6PC3AOFDn9NylLQWPmhY6B7FfjBJVh9227rRGDPZbZpNHfPLS-8d81ZoQ7ugQoU5Ba39takq83o8lxruDNMaqheJYdof9Ui_wfCGs4ZtirWy6DM/s400/5.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> <b><span style="color: #33ff33;">PENGURUSAN</span></b><br />
Pengurusan anak (1 hari – 4 minggu)<br />
Pastikan anak ayam mendapatkan suntikan pencegahan penyakit<br />
Beri makanan bermutu dan minuman secukupnya<br />
Pastikan ada lampu untuk memberi kepanasan sehingga umur 2 minggu<br />
Peringkat membesar hingga bertelur (4 minggu – 22 minggu)<br />
Pastikan anak ayam mendapat suntikan pencegahan penyakit<br />
Boleh dilepaskan pada siang hari<br />
Makanan campuran atau lebihan sisa makan boleh diberi<br />
Sediakan sarang bertelur<br />
Elakkan mengganggu ibu yang sedang mengeram<br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438574583096151378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizZaiDPtOxAjnWQSFUQuzuERbngtkSRt40_qb3UYoRSbsHKmwLhQ2KLr0Wi6V3_mQ4KnZEv5xunTOqeXPGwWSwRsto92Fa3hXYPxTfhquPFak52heeH0h-avtNjDB5ZsTS3UjwHttjwyv4/s400/1.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438573789606079026" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9ND4oWk24mZTfYNPSiM1aZsvCfDKJQxFPSK-6cLRR1r6Jm7-qxqCFLblw5-2rQ2jaPnSSqdLt6EXeeu932J_ixIH4LUOkY7bLRJaJu2F9Zf5hptzIqQ7XKdbvL97Izf9vy62spALCTSP8/s400/2.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438573247389885026" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfftnxoEyL_c7_qRSspzz9PKLbG_Ws-itKcICdcq49XdgvZok8YWrJ50xPU82w5I1VkMYbzyNmXRtSuwLr2ZxBJ-Wpb_YPoP9gQhuXdc_KqkQ3-cM1tJzE0gESlKdLlnJTj4Iy8AkKkI0N/s400/3.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><b><span style="color: #33ff33;">PEMBIAKAN</span></b><br />
<div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div>Melibatkan perkahwinan secara tabie/asli<br />
1 ekor ayam jantan untuk 10 ekor ayam betina<br />
Dipelihara di dalam reban dengan penyediaan sarang bertelur<br />
Tempat yang sunyi,kering dan bebas dari gangguan<br />
Kebiasaan boleh mengeram sehingga 15 biji telur dalam jangkamasa 21 hari.<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>KAWALAN DAN PENCEGAHAN PENYAKIT</b></span><br />
Penyakit ayam boleh disebabkan oleh:-<br />
Warisan<br />
Pemakanan<br />
Pengurusan<br />
Persekitaran<br />
Jangkitan <img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438828655181422274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz9O4ZhIKSSDKv4bKyJ53s6z1F3qqoyCI-wtJrF8pWbGFhR7GcgX6kluGb6g_xTNe8fLUAG2JycQIbsDoOFxuaWUv9BpzfiZX52zfXkO66Mf2Ghpq5-p_1AdduNykHfUQWJEex6fOZ4tKT/s400/4444.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Langkah-langkah Pencegahan Penyakit</b></span><br />
Reban sentiasa bersih<br />
Anak ayam bebas dari penyakit<br />
Jauh dari ternakan dan haiwan lain<br />
Pelawat perlu dikawal<br />
Pencegahan adalah lebih baik dari rawatan<br />
Semua ayam perlu diberi suntikan pencegahan penyakit<br />
Ayam yang mati hendaklah ditanam atau dibakar untuk mengelakkan jangkitan kepada yang sihat.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Program Pencegahan penyakit</b></span><br />
Umur 1 hari – Sampar Ayam “F” (Biasanya telah dibuat ditempat penetasan)<br />
Umur 3 – 4 minggu – Cacar Puru ayam dan Sampar “F”<br />
Umur 6 – 8 minggu – Sampar ” S “<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Tanda-tanda Am Ayam Berpenyakit</b></span><br />
Kurang nafsu makan<br />
Monyok dan tidak aktif<br />
Pucat, bersin, keluar hingus dari hidung<br />
Muka bengkak<br />
Berak cair atau berdarah<br />
Gangguan saraf seperti sayap lemah, kaki lemah, kepala berputar dan sebagainya.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>JENIS-JENIS PENYAKIT AYAM</b></span><br />
Sampar ayam (ND)<br />
Penyakit Gumboro (IBD)<br />
Puru<br />
Salmonellosis<br />
Pasteurellosis<br />
Lain-lain </div><br />
<div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>abu nu'manhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16261474192936969275noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2709303286609499961.post-16643908380053327582011-05-23T00:26:00.001-07:002011-05-23T04:36:11.090-07:00Penyakit Ayam<h3 class="post-title entry-title"></h3><div class="post-header"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-8690696217932095740"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6s-cgrplaIJjQRUPjxmsIPk1ydCggLSMt3R2awIVg0gDli1ea48iMGj-b64Gi1YoAmFzZHJ7FtQjGAhEuwvL1OIiHcQyNa7UAeBa7MvN5YDVvoQH_pjQrKQwcjVyvigztnabB6lGdUGxU/s1600-h/untitled.bmp"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5440926355030420274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6s-cgrplaIJjQRUPjxmsIPk1ydCggLSMt3R2awIVg0gDli1ea48iMGj-b64Gi1YoAmFzZHJ7FtQjGAhEuwvL1OIiHcQyNa7UAeBa7MvN5YDVvoQH_pjQrKQwcjVyvigztnabB6lGdUGxU/s400/untitled.bmp" style="display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 266px;" /></a><br />
<div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><span style="color: red; font-size: 180%;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Coccidiosis</span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Agent</b></span><br />
Protozua Emeria necatrix<br />
Protozua Emeria tenella<br />
Pada ayam diperingkat dewasa<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Penyebab</b></span><br />
1. Kerosakan tisu<br />
2. Banyak sporuliated oocysts membiak dalam najis<br />
3. mencemari makanan minuman<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Tanda-tanda</b></span><br />
1. Berat badan turun<br />
2. cirit-birit teruk<br />
3. hilang selera makan<br />
4. Pengeluaran telur kurang<br />
5. najis berdarah<br />
6. Darah beku dan berkumpul di ceca<br />
7. Menyebab tisu usus rosak<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Rawatan</b></span><br />
Coccidiostat dicampur didalam minuman<br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5440916618587488098" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGqzFVPdro3GF8aQpOEb4zReLxppnMw48jivex0UHCvzMxQEzkWj84MfZ29v7nVdxPlloT6j-FST6cuuOeO2TPcqwymEVqdjkaqEl7uV3ZfG694xctxdh76UH9HIlr5Wqi3H9JlP3rYv9F/s400/coccidiosis01.jpg" style="display: block; height: 190px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 315px;" /> <img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5440916812798225730" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivme39bwkflfBSZsdRY7v27HkFtzo2qMH1L1PX8EMcmQjFLiqGohtDimUKdocZhrIetooz5GdXdN38haP45qGIhX0mPF_EMu2P-hhDUQHJFr32UzecqeoV5_e6VS8Tw5S7KKVwu5IH576N/s400/M-MYCIN.gif" style="display: block; height: 231px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 165px;" /> Basmi kuman dengan bersihkan reban<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Diagnosa</b></span><br />
Penemuan oocysts dalam najis atau kikisan dinding usus<br />
Bedah siasat 5 ekor hidup dan 5 ekor mati<br />
Semple najis dihantar ke makmal berjadual<br />
<br />
<div><div><div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 180%;"><b>Herminthiasis</b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Penyebab</b></span><br />
Cacing gelang<br />
Cacing pita<br />
Pada ayam penelur dan baka<br />
Termakan telur larva cacing dari serangga, kumbang, siput, lalat<br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5440925254838264002" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoQAOhJkmkVL4xhNWoyOHZcmOLhTPD_TqHkQsDS2bV5vANpOwpo_h7iquJdosm_Y0lD2GqDkTQ2tnVv0WKDCFtiAI7la4D873ZdowHHrVJ1PHRMtLOHJtlxrOLFAEnbmSu1TkgOGfqe2Ou/s400/pouhe02.jpg" style="display: block; height: 230px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 350px;" /><b><span style="color: #33ff33;"> Tanda-tanda</span></b><br />
1. Hilang selera makan, bantut, lemah<br />
2. mati bila cacing sekat usus<br />
3. Penebalan, inflamasi dan nodular pada dinding ceca<br />
Rawatan<br />
Sanitasi kandang<br />
Jaga kebersihan<br />
Guna ubat cacing<br />
</div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><b>Marek’s Disease</b></span></span><span style="color: #33ff33; font-size: large;"><b> </b></span><br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Agent</b></span><br />
Herpes virus(serotype1& 2)<br />
Jangkitan melalui pernafasan, virus matang dilepas ke udara dan berjangkit<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Tanda-tanda</b></span><br />
1. Paralysis (lumpuh)<br />
2. kebanyakan monyok & mati<br />
3. Tumor pada hati limpa jantung buah pinggang dan otot pada ayam umur 3 minggu<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Pencegahan</b></span><br />
Vaksinasi ditempat penetasan<br />
Amalan sanitasi pada awal penetasan<br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5440915837035791970" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj45-C19WtqZ9Ka1ptLTKET2cl-_QgHNkUqFChfl9zyDbKxq-os6nzI8hC2ygGvtYQHc3jh3oK1z6kk7pX3AbnX5x5GjV8XJLZQHPsw2Ge8vddFAR17PELTCmnB1nVRCM_BCX0s80AyXNNe/s400/Pox-3-sm+1.jpg" style="display: block; height: 227px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 236px;" /> <img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5440916058393693842" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6u7rwqdw91m0nU7drpVqWUQpesmN591LIOz4f_vYNw12D3X0pd1zvcV72l1BP8uHqa3e8DR0MRy4j8ye_6hgMAXtBNpWGEXOsZ3CM4mDW8Mluo6cqMsOObbwZldD61q0GUDY-TdD8sMa-/s400/250px-Mareks_disease_-_leg_paresis.jpg" style="display: block; height: 236px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 250px;" /> <img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5440916445254814114" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXAXyzuwoGIW5-iF3ShCZe6cwoyCQLk1nEOM0eNleASinA2ZSv40JfL8mk3wdT7kG50IgCnYSfm03ZJ6xkrkZVhd59TLRerQMXfyNrpm89g0M_96j3dTKO_ot3FukfOO0ym0g-0kbDnD9C/s400/MDVac.jpg" style="display: block; height: 230px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 222px;" /><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><b>Infectious Bursal Disease ( Gumboro Disease)</b></span></span><span style="color: #33ff33; font-size: large;"><b> </b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Agent</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b> </b></span>Virus IBD<br />
Berjangkit & cepat merebak<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Tanda-tanda</b></span><br />
Cirit berit<br />
Vent picking ( mematuk-matuk)<br />
Inflamasi pada cloaca<br />
Edema pada cloaca bengkak kekuningan<br />
Pendarahan pada peha otot kaki dan bahagian pektoral<br />
Tiada rawatan<br />
Vaksinasi (ive IBD) melalui titisan mata, minuman<br />
cucuk bawah kulit pada ayam peringkat grower<br />
sebelum waktu betelur<br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: 180%;"><b></b></span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMoulMigfNoJqUdRtkoHZnKxnN6iEn7vWX_LgUXimB2IuDXoa7IX2LjgEeumsiMgHk8olzu5XJpZFq9k18tV0YortlSZ7fVHciSQw63lH-KAoMtRf_amT1Hyy2425g1DSV4Fz3vlbDc6bB/s1600-h/1242-01.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5440918936372528946" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMoulMigfNoJqUdRtkoHZnKxnN6iEn7vWX_LgUXimB2IuDXoa7IX2LjgEeumsiMgHk8olzu5XJpZFq9k18tV0YortlSZ7fVHciSQw63lH-KAoMtRf_amT1Hyy2425g1DSV4Fz3vlbDc6bB/s400/1242-01.jpg" style="display: block; height: 273px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5440918852799470546" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhafn3BglMBJ-Z5J7j8JDfV_UreB06tH-uUUk2Bt-2_GB9ptxPUXUNcBMHiI_WPdB1Ox5zwyqjjrnHQKTeDfOm0bsslFucHAdItN0ci-r-sr2gpx6BeV-UMSJvJ9Z4S_B-f4DTShTbr_mB/s400/21357_1.jpg" style="display: block; height: 266px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5440918528376232866" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioKt2eXLkkQB2LoikfQhcheZTk4e4wp0vCFjowU0tFjVtppV9zrkpxRkUafAeZJF-fOjAG467Pk2ZSX7rNTGjk-SEdT6u87ttkVcJRyF6TxkL5dI9GiJUBoqf3EiGd0VyWu3faUctrCMiI/s400/125_120094.jpg" style="display: block; height: 313px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 165px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5440918451259562642" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizwOaBelJ4pD76oISPdmWIAyxEglcq816AcHxZkehMczREJrUNONE1TsNKDE9eT5ViGMTUZtWRQ7vbvcJZH11SXkJMW8JtACyowAcVLxSlL39qBp_6dn3PGetVv-Am5HVBGMNJoVfHdeFi/s400/228e.gif" style="display: block; height: 200px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 200px;" /><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #ff6666;">Newcastle Disease </span></b></span><br />
<div><span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Agent </b></span><br />
Virus Paramyxo<br />
Sindrom pernafasan, ganguan saraf, gangguan viscerotropic<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Tanda-tanda</b></span><br />
Ganguan pernafasan- Sesak nafas dan batuk<br />
Gangguan saraf- Drooping wing, kaki menggeletar, kepala teleng, berpusing, berundur semasa minum, lumpuh, telur berubah warna dan bentuk, pengeluaran telur menurun & albumin cair<br />
gangguan viscerotropic<br />
Cirit birit ( cair dan kehijauan) bengkak tisu dan leher kematian 100% dewasa<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Pencegahan</b></span><br />
Vaksinasi Newcastle (ND) melalui air minum pada anak ayam berumur 1 hari<br />
Atau titisan pada mata atau hidung <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO3p5tnrCqXEamHSUgUCESX7FaFO3J75iKnNfbB2i06IfKyivb2HnHrh8R5OhJlccH9Q3wWsLSd4M98H1NSOuXhqozlPY0MjGwr2c8K3L1iiLWKgWne2yzIP5qUuuYmcQPeBXFE09tq6nL/s1600-h/newscastle_disease2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5440920510037128754" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO3p5tnrCqXEamHSUgUCESX7FaFO3J75iKnNfbB2i06IfKyivb2HnHrh8R5OhJlccH9Q3wWsLSd4M98H1NSOuXhqozlPY0MjGwr2c8K3L1iiLWKgWne2yzIP5qUuuYmcQPeBXFE09tq6nL/s400/newscastle_disease2.jpg" style="display: block; height: 176px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 250px;" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5440920352205111042" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqsbceL2Sra4VyaVFd2Wx482xTIen444TPcOip6-DUUTee_dbS7ObqoTMFVM-2HCRzd-8DrTdU-fgiLQGIY3NPu3io-mKqvug-bDDIGsfAuNgFOy9qTNxToRNrBalOjq9-9o1_iAY8o0Iw/s400/Medivac%2520ND%2520Emulsion.jpg" style="display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 356px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5440920165458803954" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_mAJ0z2cZU8McQkJdwWCxMQZUZz4-vG-SEboj6vVgYc7oogq_SSuwUomid8y2ryGHMn4u7a7kSMtrAOLRbqBXA6K8Q18cFi4ag-cngJjtbXJvHZWICEV03aueU9ZQf1OIJfuarBfCEt_Z/s400/ac1999d2.jpg" style="display: block; height: 219px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 300px;" /><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: red;">Pollerem</span></b></span><span style="color: #33ff33; font-size: large;"><b> </b></span><br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Agent</b></span><br />
Bakteria Salmonella pullorom<br />
Jangkitan peringkat telur bila telur menetas lahir generasi berpenyakit<br />
<br />
<div style="color: lime;"><b>Tanda-tanda</b></div>1. Ayam berkumpul kekawasan haba<br />
2. tidak makan & mengantuk<br />
3. najis warna putih kuning<br />
4. Kematian tinggi pada anak dan dewasa<br />
Pencegahan<br />
Furazolidone 0.022% dalam makanan<br />
</div></div><div><div><div><div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><b>Egg Drop Synrome (EDS)</b></span></span><br />
<div style="color: lime;"><b>Agent</b></div>Adenovirus<br />
Jangkitan pada telur<br />
Telur tersebut bercengkerang lembut, nipis tidak jadi sempurna lembik berwarna perang<br />
Tiada tanda sakit pada ayam<br />
Cuma berlaku pada telur<br />
<br />
<div style="color: lime;"><b>Tanda-tanda</b></div>1. Kehilangan warna pada telur<br />
2. cengkerang nipis dan mudah pecah<br />
3. telur tanpa cengkerang<br />
4. pengeluaran telur berkurangan mendadak<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidDIpVmAP34mljjHO_38RNMCKP83VDSkQm2Yvosu0wSayfMB76EOAiORbVW8UAWcFgOovQ_fHQk4k0tZTpxf0TNc2zLqJutGudHy2fkGBnZbuDmAD3VlPjrQ5WffEOPgmL02mVV5gaBA8J/s1600-h/IB_-_shell_defects.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5440922766606732386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidDIpVmAP34mljjHO_38RNMCKP83VDSkQm2Yvosu0wSayfMB76EOAiORbVW8UAWcFgOovQ_fHQk4k0tZTpxf0TNc2zLqJutGudHy2fkGBnZbuDmAD3VlPjrQ5WffEOPgmL02mVV5gaBA8J/s400/IB_-_shell_defects.jpg" style="display: block; height: 146px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 195px;" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5440922621672840434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCstwudhyphenhyphen8gpavSUjCT5uWdS4bcqBHXBrsXn1-KKNdK4SWTdhYO76JMehkXfYc7AcqdNEwclsTwafgGfZZ1vGbYYErBHampbh-d-uGbJWoc-Y_RvX61L4Z-S6P3bN-3TF2lpxSchXtZwn-/s400/CA0LRK0O.jpg" style="display: block; height: 213px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 340px;" /><span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Vaksinasi</b></span><br />
Berikan Vaksinasi oil adjuvant usia 14-18 minggu<br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-size: 180%;"></span></b></span><br />
<div><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: red;">Infectious Bronchitis</span></b></span><br />
<div style="color: lime;"><b> Agent </b></div>Corona Virus<br />
Berjangkit, akut<br />
<br />
<div style="color: lime;"><b>Tanda-tanda</b> </div>1. Batuk , cecair hidung pada anak ayam saja<br />
2. bengkak muka, air mata meleleh<br />
3. Gangguan pernafasan<br />
Tiada rawatan dan vaksin hanya ada pada combination Newcastle & Bronchitis vaccine<br />
Cuma memerlukan masa untuk kembali normal.. Baiki pengudaraan reban</div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlZE09faH3SIM5MmLrH2ncbG1bt4b7OZRSk2Y5d7IExcMzDz7wrLGWB1uaX9EEs8rmug8SSepXmkXKXFus9QfzSOL8Xyw_XE1-47DLv_Vv2Ur-FaYuwh840mhDbD9HnQLbMNc5G53JAeyK/s1600-h/MyVAC202-big.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5440923296463943938" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlZE09faH3SIM5MmLrH2ncbG1bt4b7OZRSk2Y5d7IExcMzDz7wrLGWB1uaX9EEs8rmug8SSepXmkXKXFus9QfzSOL8Xyw_XE1-47DLv_Vv2Ur-FaYuwh840mhDbD9HnQLbMNc5G53JAeyK/s400/MyVAC202-big.jpg" style="display: block; height: 292px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5440923154469887554" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj85GoM6yhSGZ7C3Y8YzRICPC7sab4MPnD2yx6jBHIlFcUUw1FNrzATqkHnXfDAIAph2nQ3z6i-7I64PFxbJWH28Kvi0HUXawKUAAUdaHWtD482juKpRguSafHTnn2VSAD-iVzK8kM9ZRgO/s400/CAC5M3OD.jpg" style="display: block; height: 260px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 329px;" /><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><b>Infectious Coryza</b></span></span><br />
<div style="color: lime;"><b>Agent</b></div>Bakteria haemophilus gallinarum<br />
Penyakit pernafasan<br />
<br />
<div style="color: lime;"><b>Tanda-tanda</b></div>Keluar cecair dari hidung, bersin dan bengkak muka dibahagian mata hingga tertutup mata<br />
Rawatan<br />
Antibiotik bakterin<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5440924422352870722" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRxAK0pKpWhfVjuGyoU8ZarmtIunwzAO5WXD15ucOaxMq980lOyUw_QnqKE0EHUP2wzWiq4HxDGwgnwYiwCVLcXs6mDxyLGV9AKd_na0ydscKF0pL4INtZI4LYIQjqfrYq05w1M6D4qy17/s400/CORYZA-002A%2520x750.jpg" style="display: block; height: 330px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2GkncwfrXSa87JO0bX2AhX6yYlQR_7LHErQylZjuH41vL1Ba3E-jsVI16t7zLJTBxCeaHQH7ZZUwHKoUdvRS6ikba8LERsvE4nbCLp3gVXXTdPINtcntNme3vkQOgC0DobfS0Lu_c1IsW/s1600-h/c630af5de1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5440924855571566930" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2GkncwfrXSa87JO0bX2AhX6yYlQR_7LHErQylZjuH41vL1Ba3E-jsVI16t7zLJTBxCeaHQH7ZZUwHKoUdvRS6ikba8LERsvE4nbCLp3gVXXTdPINtcntNme3vkQOgC0DobfS0Lu_c1IsW/s400/c630af5de1.jpg" style="display: block; height: 231px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 316px;" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5440924722930203250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiUYujbgs7zCuXrbD9awi3S1o4ghbCLaY8Ve8mHOdKg3IEQc328dnBdDxFPxs-aBNe7Vs_Rp0zTZ5pDt0XrJGK7fw1EYVngyR_kNX0OFpK6C9MeSeeDD0dI6HyRVTnkHG964qvhRRZvrGx/s400/MCTS.jpg" style="display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 363px;" /></div><br />
<span style="color: red;"><br />
</span> <br />
<div style="clear: both;"></div></div>abu nu'manhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16261474192936969275noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2709303286609499961.post-33162172995928444982011-05-23T00:23:00.000-07:002011-05-24T22:58:27.866-07:00Ayam Pedaging (siri 2)<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><b>PANDUAN PENTERNAKAN AYAM PEDAGING</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>Ayam Pedaging</strong></span></span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSNhsMl8EWlb_vDlv4nDvkSVP7BwTpoYBZzVPEXNQjtsRZ6cNyysOibU2xs9xLAy1NN91sHJEjMv8_ebzUtEmzBNWQTTWicAOJw6W-1iz6f8NUyyOp5dHDFy_OiN1o8FaoRG8awxntEeNe/s1600/ayam_pedaging.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSNhsMl8EWlb_vDlv4nDvkSVP7BwTpoYBZzVPEXNQjtsRZ6cNyysOibU2xs9xLAy1NN91sHJEjMv8_ebzUtEmzBNWQTTWicAOJw6W-1iz6f8NUyyOp5dHDFy_OiN1o8FaoRG8awxntEeNe/s1600/ayam_pedaging.jpg" t8="true" /></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ternakan yang diuruskan dengan betul dengan persekitaran yang selesa akan membesar dengan baik dan dengan itu output ladang yang maksimum. Ia bermula dari peringkat perolehan anak ayam sehinggalah kepada pasaran. Output yang maksimum memerlukan integrasi sepadu dari segi kualiti anak ayam yang dibeli , kualiti dan pengurusan makanan / minuman , pengurusan kesihatan dan persekitaran pemeliharaan. Sebarang bentuk tekanan hendaklah dielakan kerana ianya akan menjejaskan produktiviti ayam dan mengurangkan ketahanan melawan penyakit. Anak ayam yang bermutu akan membesar dengan baik. Makanan dan air minuman yang diberi hendaklah bermutu baik dan mencukupi. Setiap ekor ayam perlu diberikan ruang lantai , ruang makanan dan minuman yang mencukupi mengikut peringkat pembesaran. Ketinggian bekas makanan dan minuman juga diselaraskan dengan peringkat pertumbuhan. Kesemua ini bukan sahaja dapat mengelakan stress dan pembaziran, juga mempastikan keseragaman pembesaran.</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><b></b></span></span> <br />
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Pengurusan Sisa Ladang</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sisa ladang ayam daging termasuklah sampah-saraf , ayam mati , tahi ayam dan saraf lantai. Sisa ini boleh menjadi tempat pembiakan lalat yang baik , menarik pemangsa datang ke ladang dan membawa bersama penyakit serta menyebabkan bau. Jika ianya tidak dilupuskan dengan sistematik dan sempurna bolih menyebabkan masalah kacau - ganggu kepada masyarakat persekitaran dan kejadian penyakit kepada ayam-ayam peliharaan.</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Lokasi Ladang</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Pemilihan lokasi ladang adalah penting. Ciri-ciri penting dalam pemilihan tapak ladang adalah -</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">i. Kawasan hendaklah jauh dari kawasan perbandaran dan perumahan</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">ii. Mempunyai kemudahan perhubungan yang baik dan boleh beroperasi sepanjang masa</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">iii. Jauh dari lain - lain ladang</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">iv. Kawasan datar dengan sistem saliran air yang baik</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">v. Kawasan yang mempunyai peredaran udara yang baik</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><br />
Binaan Reban</span></b></span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Reban yang dibina hendaklah yang dapat menyediakan persekitaran yang memberi keselesaan kepada ayam dan pekerja serta kos yang ekonomik.</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">i. Bahan yang digunakan hendaklah bermutu , supaya kos penyenggaraan kurang , tahan , mudah dicuci dan tidak menyerap haba.</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">ii. Pokok-pokok dan infrastruktur disekeliling reban tidak menghalang peredaran udara yang sempurna diantara reban dan persekitaran.</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">iii. Rekabentuk reban memudahkan peredaran udara yang bersih yang sempurna didalam reban</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">iv. Rekabentuk reban juga hendaklah dapat membantu kecekapan pekerja melaksanakan tugas-tugas penjagaan ayam dan pembersihan sisa ladang</span> <span style="font-family: Calibri;"><br />
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Kilang Makanan</b></span></span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Pada masa ini terdapat lebihkurang 47 buah kilang makanan ternakan di Malaysia. Sebanyak 38 buah terdapat di Semenanjung manakala 9 buah lagi di Sabah, Sarawak dan Labuan. Bahan-bahan mentah utama makanan ayam seperti jagung dan kacang soya diimport terutamanya dari China, Amerika Syarikat dan Argentina.</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Pengurusan Penyakit</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Penyakit akan mengurangkan produktiviti ladang. Kos operasi akan meningkat akibat dari penggunaan ubat rawatan , kematian , terjejas pertumbuhan dan kehilangan kualiti selepas diproses. Langkah-langkah kawalan penyakit seperti biosekuriti dan pelalian hendaklah diambil. Penggunaan ubatan untuk rawatan perlu mematuhi peraturan untuk mengelakan residu ubat yang mana boleh menjejaskan kesihatan pengguna. Penggunaan ubatan yang betul juga untuk mengelakan pembentukan kekebalan terhadap sesuatu ubat oleh kuman.</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Vaksin dan Ubatan</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Terdapat beberapa buah syarikat yang membekalkan ubatan dan vaksin yang diperlukan oleh industri. Hampir kebanyakan bekalan ini diimport.</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Amalan Perladangan Yang Baik</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Penerapan amalan perladangan yang baik bermula dari peringkat perancangan menubuhkan ladang, kawalan penyakit dan pengurusan harian ladang akan memberi beberapa faedah antaranya ladang produktif , kos diminimumkan , output dimaksimumkan , persekitaran dan hasilan yang bermutu dihasilkan.. Ini akan memberikan keyakinan kepada pengguna , meningkatkan peluang pasaran dan seterusnya menjaminkan sebuah ladang yang berdayamaju dan mapan.</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Teknologi</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Beberapa teknologi baru telah diperkenalkan didalam pengeluaran ayam daging. Penggunaan teknologi-teknologi ini membantu menjimatkan penggunaan tenaga pekerja , meningkatkan output ladang dan kecekapan kawalan penyakit.</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">• Perumahan tertutup dengan ventilasi terkawal akan menyediakan persekitaran yang lebih sejuk dan selesa kepada ayam-ayam yang dipelihara. Kos pelaburan adalah lebih tinggi kerana menyediakan kemudahan untuk penyejukan reban dan kawalan persekitaran serta kos elektrik . Namun begitu ayam memerlukan ruang lantai yang lebih kecil . Maka itu lebih banyak ayam boleh dipelihara. Selain itu perumahan tertutup juga membantu didalam kecekapan pengawalan penyakit terutama penyakit bawaan burng dan haiwan liar. Antara kaedah yang digunakan sekarang adalah seperti 'evaporative cooling system' dan 'tunnel ventilation'. Perumahan seperti ini memerlukan kemahiran untuk mengurus dan menyenggaranya.</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">• Penggunaan teknologi automasi juga telah diterapkan didalam didalam pemberian makanan , minuman , pemvaksinan dan beberapa operasi lagi.</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Peralatan Ladang</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Peralatan -peralatan pemeliharaan seperti bekas makanan, minuman dan raga ayam dihasilkan oleh kilang-kilang tempatan. Bagaimanapun teknologi moden peralatan diatas dan beberapa peralatan lain seperti alat pengeraman dan penetasan diimport. Ada beberapa syarikat tempatan yang menjadi pengedar kepada peralatan yang diimport.</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">PEMASARAN AYAM DAGING</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ayam daging dipasarkan sebagai ayam hidup , ayam sembelih bersih , pelbagai keratan dan produk sedia untuk dimasak atau dimakan. Lebih dari 80 peratus ayam daging dipasar dalam bentuk ayam hidup kepasar-pasar basah. Antara 15 hingga 20 peratus dihantar untuk disembelih diloji-loji penyembelihan yang kemudiannya dijual semula sebagai ayam siang bersih , keratan ayam dan setengah syarikat menggunakan nya untuk diproses menjadi produk hiliran.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><br />
1. Pasaran Tempatan</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Daripada keseluruhan bekalan daging ayam kira-kira 85 peratus dipasarkan dalam negeri. Daging ayam dipasarkan dalam bentuk daging ayam segar kepasaran basah , melalui rangkaian pasaran sejuk seperti pasaraya atau terus kepada pelanggan seperti hotel dan restoran. Bagi syarikat-syarikat yang mempunyai pasaran yang luas dan loji penyembelihan , pusat-pusat perkhidmatan diwujudkan. Bekalan dari loji penyembelihan akan dihantar dan disimpan dipusat ini sebelum ianya dibekal kepada peruncit diseluruh negara menggunakan.</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><br />
a. Pengangkutan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><br />
i. Mengurangkan tekanan haba adalah penting dalam pengangkutan ayam. Anak ayam yang terdedah kepada tekanan kepanasan semasa diangkut kepada pelanggan akan menyebabkan kematian yang tinggi, terjejas pertumbuhan , terjejas ketahanan badan dan memudahkan terkena penyakit. Penghantaran anak-anak ayam kepada pembeli pada masa ini kebanyakannya dibuat menggunakan 'closed ventilated truck'. Penghantaran jarak jauh biasanya dibuat pada waktu malam.</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">ii. Penghantaran ayam dewasa dibuat menggunakan lori yang diubahsuai supaya ventilasi yang baik disediakan kepada ayam-ayam yang diangkut. Penghantaran jarak jauh biasanya dibuat diwaktu malam.</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><br />
iii. Daging ayam akan cepat mengalami kerosakan jika terdedah kepada kepanasan yang tinggi. Daging ayam hendaklah diangkut dalam keadaan sejuk menggunakan 'refrigerated truck'.</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">b. Kenderaan</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">i. Bagi pengangkutan anak ayam , kenderaan disediakan sendiri oleh syarikat atau ada juga yang membeli perkhidmatan yang disediakan oleh syarikat lain mengikut syarat dan spesifikasi ditentukan.</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">ii. Bagi ayam dewasa perkhidmatan pengangkutan disediakan sendiri olih penternak , pemborong atau syarikat lain yang mengikat kontrak perkhidmatan pengangkutan. Kadar bayaran dikenakan adalah berdasarkan bilangan ekor dan jarak antara ladang dan pelanggan.</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><br />
c. Harga ayam</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ayam daging adalah komoditi ternakan yang harganya dikawal. Harga pasaran ayam adalah mengikut peringkat pasaran iaitu harga hidup diladang, harga borong hidup, harga borong bersih, harga runcit hidup , harga runcit bersih</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">( dengan kaki, kepala, hati dan hempedal) dan harga runcit bersih ( tanpa kaki , kepala, hati dan hempedal ). Harga -harga ini ditentukan berasaskan kepada harga diperingkat ladang. Harga bumbong diperingkat ladang dan runcit ditetapkan. Selain itu persatuan pengeluar ayam dari masa kesemasa akan menetapkan harga rujukan untuk panduan pengeluar-pengeluar semua .Walaupun harga dikawal, harga sebenar adalah bergantung kepada faktor pasaran pada sesuatu masa tetapi tidak boleh melebihi harga bumbong ditetapkan. Harga pasaran sebenar mungkin berbeza dengan harga rujukan pada masa itu bergantung kepada lokasi , jarak bekalan, pasaran , sistem pasaran dan keputusan individu pengeluar . Harga ayam daging dalam setahun pengeluaran akan turun naik diatas dan dibawah kos pengeluaran kerana pengaruh pasaran ( Jadual 7 ). Untung -rugi dalam pengeluaran ayam daging tidak boleh dilihat berdasarkan satu pusingan pengeluaran tetapi kepada hitung panjang satu tahun pengeluaran.</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Jadual 7 : Harga Diladang Ayam Daging dan Kos Pengeluaran</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Tahun Harga diladang</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">(RM/Kg) Kos Pengeluaran</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">(RM/Kg)</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1996 1.45 - 3.05 ( 2.61 ) 2.50 - 3.06</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1997 2.05 - 3.05 ( 2.69 ) 2.70 - 3.32</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1998 2.40 - 3.50 (3.14 ) 2.79 - 3.40</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1999 2.10 - 3.50 ( 3.00 ) 2.60 - 3.05</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2. Pasaran Eksport</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sebanyak 12-15 peratus bekalan ayam daging dieksport ( Jadual 7 ). Lebihkurang 85 peratus dieksport dalam bentuk ayam hidup dan bakinya dalam bentuk keratan dan produk hiliran. Pasaran eksport pada ketika ini hanay tertumpu ke Singapura. Untuk memasuki pasaran eksport, pengeluar perlu memenuhi syarat-syarat ditetapkan oleh negara pengimport meliputi sanitasi veterinar, kualiti dan status penyakit. Selain itu produk dan kualiti serta harga juga harus berdayasaing.</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Jadual 8 : Eksport Daging Ayam ('000 tan metrik)</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1996 1997 1998 1999</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">66.88 72.25 61.45 77.44</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">SUMBER: JABATAN PERKHIDMATAN VETERINAR SELANGOR</span> </div>abu nu'manhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16261474192936969275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2709303286609499961.post-61309586126834922792011-05-23T00:19:00.001-07:002011-05-24T23:00:04.020-07:00Ayam Penelur (siri 2)<style>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><a href="http://harizamrry.com/2007/10/garis-panduan-amalan-penternakan-ayam-penelur-yang-baik/" title="Permanent Link: GARIS PANDUAN AMALAN PENTERNAKAN AYAM PENELUR YANG BAIK"><span style="color: #676e04; text-decoration: none;">GARIS PANDUAN AMALAN PENTERNAKAN AYAM PENELUR YANG BAIK</span></a></span></b></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt;">Posted by admin under <a href="http://harizamrry.com/category/agro-journal-pertanian/" title="View all posts in Agro - Journal Pertanian"><span style="color: #990000; text-decoration: none;">Agro - Journal Pertanian</span></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg56JGUsF9mWORnUlCVVd4Ry55faEEFCtjAH-_2bd0BvnXKZDo86NhQu4yZZ9Hx-bWjZh-txooB4pwvVQz23RCCAXPzrUAiEycMP9jf-t_XuVXJEC8fCN5QzEPSdqto_kGf4ZnBEWO7snYk/s1600/image_gallery.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="125px" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg56JGUsF9mWORnUlCVVd4Ry55faEEFCtjAH-_2bd0BvnXKZDo86NhQu4yZZ9Hx-bWjZh-txooB4pwvVQz23RCCAXPzrUAiEycMP9jf-t_XuVXJEC8fCN5QzEPSdqto_kGf4ZnBEWO7snYk/s200/image_gallery.jpg" t8="true" width="200px" /></a></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt;"><span style="color: #990000; text-decoration: none;"> </span> </span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Globilisasi pasaran, perubahan nilai pengguna dan orang ramai terhadap produk, kualiti alam dan kebajikan ternakan akan mengancam aktiviti perladangan dan pengeluaran telur ayam. Kaedah perladangan yang dapat meningkatkan dayasaing, perladangan yang mesra sosio-persekitaran, menjamin kesihatan pengguna dan menjaga kebajikan ternakan dan pekerja perlu diterapkan untuk jaminan pengeluaran dan pasaran yang berterusan. Perubahan ini perlu dilakukan bagi memastikan daya maju pelaburan yang dibuat. Garis Panduan Amalan Perladangan Ayam Penelur Yang Baik ini disediakan untuk memandu pengusaha ayam penelur dalam meningkatkan kualiti pengurusan ladang ke arah mewujudkan industri ayam penelur yang berkualiti, berdayasaing dan diyakini oleh pengguna dan orang ramai.</span></div><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"></span><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">PENGURUSAN TERNAKAN DAN PERALATAN</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Panduan Pengurusan</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt;"></span> <br />
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<b></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Menyediakan panduan pengurusan ladang termasuk kaedah pengurusan ternakan, pemberian makanan dan air minum, pengurusan reban, vaksinasi, penggunaan dan penyelenggaraan peralatan, pengurusan kesihatan ternakan dan lain-lain panduan yang berkaitan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Meletakkan panduan ringkas pengurusan ladang di setiap reban supaya mudah dilihat dan dirujuk oleh pekerja</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Kawalan dan Jaminan Kualiti</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Mengamalkan pengurusan harian, penggunaan dan penyelenggaraan kemudahan serta peralatan yang dapat mempastikan pertumbuhan dan mutu ayam yang baik, pengeluaran telur dan mutunya yang baik..</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Mengamalkan pengurusan harian, penyelenggaraan kemudahan serta peralatan yang dapat mempastikan tidak menyebabkan pencemaran dan gangguan kepada persekitaran serta perebakan penyakit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Menyediakan program kepastian kualiti</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Mengendali Ayam dan Telur</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Memungut telur beberapa kali sehari</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Menyimpan telur yang bersih berasingan dari yang kotor dan pecah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Segala peralatan dan kelengkapan yang berkaitan dengan pengendalian telur dipastikan bersih. Program penyelenggaraan peralatan disediakan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Bilik menggred dan menyimpan telur sentiasa dipastikan berkeadaan bersih. Ruang menggred telur dicuci selepas selesai kerja pada hari berkenaan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Menyimpan telur dengan posisi yang betul di tempat yang bersih, bersuhu rendah dan ventilasi yang baik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"></span></b><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Rekod Ladang</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Menyediakan rekod-rekod ladang yang lengkap (rekod sumber anak ayam, sumber makanan, kematian, singkiran, pemberian ubat, pemberian vaksin, pengeluaran telur, gred telur dan lain-lain). Rekod-rekod diselenggara dengan baik dan dikemaskini dari masa ke semasa. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Memantau Prestasi </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Menyediakan norma-norma petunjuk produktiviti ladang sebagai panduan pengurusan menilai kecekapan pengurusan ladang secara berterusan.(index productivity).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">KESIHATAN TERNAKAN</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Program Kesihatan</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Menyediakan dokumen bertulis program kesihatan ladang dan melaksanakannya dengan betul. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Perancangan dan pelaksanaan program kesihatan diawasi oleh perunding veterinar yang diiktiraf </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Program kesihatan dinilai dan dikemaskini dari masa ke semasa. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Kawalan Penyakit</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Memantau status penyakit di ladang secara berjadual. Menyimpan rekod pemantauan penyakit dengan lengkap, teratur dan kemaskini. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Mempastikan ladang bebas dari penyakit Newcastle, penyakit zoonotic (Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza dan Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci dan penyakit bawaan makanan (Salmonellosis, E.coli 157, Campylobacter, Lysteria), </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Mengambil tindakan kawalan yang segera apabila dikesan berlaku penyakit di dalam ladang. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
</span></b><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Biosekuriti</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Menyediakan dokumen bertulis langkah biosekuriti dan melaksanakannya dengan betul. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Menyediakan prasarana biosekuriti yang lengkap dan sempurna </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Seluruh kawasan sempadan ladang dipagar sekurang-kurangnya dengan ‘chain link’ dan diselelenggara baik </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Mewujudkan sistem kawalan keselamatan di pintu masuk ke ladang </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Menyediakan kemudahan sucihama (pencelup tayar kenderaan dari jenis berbumbung dan semburan, pencelup kaki, tempat mandi/sembur hujan (mist spray). Binaannya hendaklah dapat mempastikan perlaksanaan kerja sucihama yang berkesan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Menyediakan kemudahan yang menepati keperluan biosekuriti kepada pelawat yang perlu memasuki kawasan pengeluaran. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Menyediakan panduan perlaksanaan amalan peraturan biosekuriti </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Hanya satu laluan keluar-masuk kawasan pengeluaran sahaja digunakan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Mewujudkan sistem mengawal pergerakan pekerja, pelawat, kenderaan, peralatan dan barangan termasuk raga ayam, anak ayam dan makanan keluar-masuk kawasan pengeluaran dan antara reban yang mempastikan mematuhi protokol biosekuriti ditetapkan.<br />
Membina reban jenis tertutup yang memastikan udara yang disedut keluar dari satu reban tidak mengarah terus ke reban bersebelahan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Peraturan biosekuriti ditampal di tempat-tempat strategik di dalam ladang untuk diambil perhatian oleh pekerja.<br />
Keberkesanan perlaksanaan protokol biosekuriti dipantau dan dinilai dari masa kesemasa dan membuat pembaikan di mana perlu. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Ubatan, Racun dan Bahan Kimia</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Mengguna, mengendali dan menyimpan ubat, racun dan bahan kimia mengikut kaedah sebagaimana diarah oleh pengeluarnya. Dos diguna, tempoh penggunaan dan persekitaran menyimpannya dipatuhi. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Hanya menyimpan ubat pada kuantiti yang dijangka mencukupi untuk kegunaan sesuatu tempoh masa sebelum tarikh lupusnya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Mengguna hanya ubat, bahan kimia dan racun dari jenis yang diluluskan oleh kerajaan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
</span></b><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Vaksin dan Program Pemvaksinan</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Menyediakan dokumen bertulis program pemvaksinan dan melaksanakannya dengan betul </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Program pemvaksinan menggunakan vaksin dari jenis yang sesuai. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Vaksin disimpan. dikendali dan diguna mengiukut kaedah sebagaimana diarah oleh pengeluarnya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Baki vaksin yang telah dighuna tidak digalak diguna oleh kerajaan sahaja </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Menggunakan vaksin dari jenis yang dilulus oleh kerajaan sahaja. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Memantau keberkesanan pemvakasinan yang dijalankan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Sucihama</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Reban disucihama dengan sempurna selepas setiap pusingan pengeluaran, membiarkannya kosong untuk tempoh yang sesuai (Tempoh yang dapat mematikan pusingan pembiakan agen penyakit) sebelum kumpulan ayam baru dibawa masuk. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Semua peralatan ladang disucihama sempurna selepas setiap kali digunakan dan menyimpan di tempat yang bersih dan kering sebelum diguna semula. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Memantau keberkesanan kerja sucihama yang dibuat </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">SANITASI</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
<b><br />
</b></span><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Kebersihan</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Sentiasa menjaga bersih persekitaran ladang dan premis. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Menyelenggara baik rumput dan tumbuhan di dalam kawasan ladang. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Menyelenggara baik sistem saliran ladang. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
</span></b><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Pelupusan Sisa Ladang</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Melupuskan dengan segera ayam mati, sarap reban dan sampah. Mengamalkan kaedah pelupusan yang sempurna ( ditanam di dalam lubang dengan kedalaman yang sesuai, di dalam lubang bertutup, dibakar di tempat bertutup, dikompos). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Ayam mati dipungut dan dikendali dengan betul bagi mengelakkan kemungkinan menjadi punca perebakan penyakit. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Menentukan kaedah pelupusan ayam mati, sampah, sarap dan lain-lain sisa ladang tidak mencemarkan persekitaran dan kesejahteraan awam. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Menyediakan tempat khas pelupusan sisa ladang jauh dari reban dan sumber air </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
</span></b><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">KAWALAN MAKHLUK PEROSAK</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Protokol Kawalan</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Menyediakan secara bertulis dokumen kawalan dan melaksanakannya dengan betul. Menilai keberkesanan protokol dari masa ke semassa dan diperbaiki jika perlu. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Binaan Reban dan Setor </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Membina reban dan setor jenis kalis burung dan sebaiknya juga kalis tikus. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Bahan binaan yang digunakan untuk mengawal burung dari memasuki ke dalam reban dan setor, saiz dan pemasangannya mempastikan burung tidak boleh masuk ke dalam reban. Pemeriksaan berkala dibuat untuk mementukan ianya sentiasa berkeadaan baik. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Menentukan tidak ada tempat di dalam kawasan ladang yang menarik tikus dan burung membuat sarang. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
</span></b><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Tumbuhan dan Pokok</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Pokok-pokok yang menarik burung ke kawasan ladang tidak digalakkan di tanam di sekeliling reban. Dahan-dahan pokok yang ditanam berhampiran dengan reban diselenggara baik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Menyelenggara dengan baik tumbuhan dan rumput dalam jarak 30 meter dari kawasan reban supaya tidak melebihi 15 sentimeter bagi mengelakkan menjadi tempat burung dan tikus bersarang atau berlindung. Tiada tumbuhan dan rumput sekurang-kurangnya dalam jarak 90 sm. di sekeliling reban.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Kawalan Tikus</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Memantau infestasi tikus dari masa ke semasa dan merekod dengan sempurna. Mengambil langkah mempastikan indeks infestasi tikus tidak lebih dari 10. Mengambil langkah kawalan jika infestasi tikus melebihi indeks ini.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
</span></b><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">KAWALAN PENCEMARAN</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Kawalan Lalat</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Mengambil langkah-langkah supaya tahap infestasi lalat di ladang di paras minimum. Program kawalan lalat diwujudkan dan melaksanakannya dengan betul. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Memantau infestasi lalat di semua peringkat pemeliharaan secara berkala dan merekod dengan lengkap indeks lalat (menggunakan Scuder fly grill) mesti tidak lebih dari 10. Mengambil langkah kawalan jika indeks infestasi melebihi indeks ini. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Kawalan Bau</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Mempastikan langkah-langkah supaya tahap bau di ladang yang terkawal dan tidak mengganggu kesejahteraan persekitaran pada setiap masa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Mengambil tindakan sewajarnya dengan segera segala perkara yang boleh menjadi punca bau busuk di ladang dan persekitaran. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Kawalan Habuk</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Mempastikan udara yang disedut keluar dari reban tertutup tidak mencemarkan udara dan menganggu kawasan persekitaran. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Pencemaran Bunyi</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Mempastikan tahap bunyi dari aktiviti perladangan dan kelengkapan yang digunakan tidak menganggu kesejahteraan awam di sekitar. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">KEBAJIKAN TERNAKAN DAN PEKERJA</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Pengurusan Ternakan</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
Ayam bebas dari sebarang bentuk tekanan, kecederaan dan ketidak selesaan sebaik tiba di ladang dan sepanjang tempoh pemeliharaan, penangkapan dan pengangkutan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Ayam mendapat makanan dan air yang berzat dan mencukupi </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Sesuai dengan peringkat pembesaran sepanjang masa </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Mempastikan ayam mencukupi tempat perlindungan dari cuaca yang memudaratkan kesihatan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Suhu ruang pemeliharaan sesuai dan sekata mengikut peringkat pembesaran ayam </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Setiap ekor ayam mendapat luas ruang lantai yang cukup dan sesuai dengan peringkat pembesaran </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Setiap ekor ayam mendapat luas ruang bekas makanan dan minum cukup dan ketinggian yang sesuai dengan peringkat pembesaran. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Menangkap ayam dengan cara yang tidak mencederakannya </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Mengangkut ayam menggunakan kenderaan yang mempunyai sistem ventilasi yang baik </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9pt;">·</span><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Menyediakan pelan kontigensi sekiranya berlaku kerosakan kepada kenderaan yang mengangkut ayam </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt;"><b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Pengurusan Ventilasi</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
Memantau paras gas ammonia, karbon monosida, karbon dioksida, hidrogen sulfida dan oksigen di dalam reban tertutup dari masa kesemasa bagi mempastikan parasnya tidakj menjejaskan kesihatan ayam dan pekerja. Paras gas hendaklah seperti berikut:</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-collapse: collapse; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 80%;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in; width: 50%;" width="50%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">Gas ammonia</span></div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in; width: 50%;" width="50%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">di bawah 20 ppm</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in; width: 50%;" width="50%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">Gas karbon monosida</span></div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in; width: 50%;" width="50%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">di bawah 40 ppm</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in; width: 50%;" width="50%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">Gas karbon dioksida</span></div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in; width: 50%;" width="50%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">di bawah 0.3%</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in; width: 50%;" width="50%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">Gas oksigen</span></div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in; width: 50%;" width="50%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">di atas 16%</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in; width: 50%;" width="50%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center;"><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">Gas hidrogen sulfida</span></div></div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in; width: 50%;" width="50%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">di bawah 5 ppm</span></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><br />
<b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Kemudahan Pekerja</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Kemudahan perumahan pekerja dan kemudahan untuk pekerja berehat dan mengambil makan/minum disediakan pada jarak sekurang-kurangnya 15 meter dari reban.</span></div><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Menyediakan kemudahan tandas yang sempurna di kawasan perumahan pekerja dan juga di dalam ladang<br />
Menyediakan pakaian dan keselamatan bagi pekerja yang bekerja di tempat yang berisiko kemalangan atau jangkitan yang tinggi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div>abu nu'manhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16261474192936969275noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2709303286609499961.post-79240579122572767262011-05-23T00:04:00.001-07:002011-05-23T04:28:57.923-07:00Ayam Pedaging<h3 class="post-title entry-title"><a href="http://bukandoktorveterinar.blogspot.com/2009/07/blog-post.html"><span style="color: #1e5faa;"></span></a> </h3><div class="post-header"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-953280122880746783"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438511685912675298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDZ08U9yWKf2GL5FFx5pvU6vybpe9XKYx4nYZIWCEa-lwHD6WXuuN6PWBC4bU6khIwas6Dx9RalzKYEQDM2kWOXeJyztnUxp5EBYnaE6wZlG6JvGtLn0ZhGA6zvp6ph3Gu-bzWwXegLqm-/s400/26.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> <b><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">Penternakan Ayam </span></b><br />
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<div><div><div><div><div><div align="left"><span style="color: #33ff33; font-size: large;"><b>Baka ayam</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #33ffff;"><b>Baka Tulin Pedaging</b></span><br />
<b><span style="color: #33ffff;">- </span></b>Playmounth Rock<br />
-Barred<br />
-White<br />
Rhode Island Red<br />
Australorp<br />
Cornish<br />
-White<br />
-Red<br />
Wyandotte</div><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438512685239343730" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5QgJTB6VgWMBSDrwVeMW8VkrivmkyA3LCaYBsoPJoH142zbdM5isHSQdVu_-W6LA3j3SNlEvtDhwhS0ysHWcGKuc8czY6SCLdpm-keAuPxidnAfuncmmj7EG8llK5LJb_zKtMd5n4q87d/s400/1.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> <img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438513113942614578" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC1Co2q0lMMTVfGFfJEMd7ecOOvnVwkvLAwWIQ7l1Zzb3pzaArgQ3SQ9noV2gXu0-3rvMZIFOhp13Qp4KFejvOUyJfNS11V0rtJloc4y3ywtbeAvb00qZdy0IqQSyQyoMocMMm6GQD5Ezt/s400/2.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> <img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438513709771759874" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYdxn4uB3ytrRIJlneqbegSmUrETl-MucoCwzoxYsbpuHMXcmOfGEHak7LJfX00xNs71HKqNxxT9OJAlpcYsys_ac9i_ELHVhxsgiTzVovOHMD73LDAQCjBOAVx9SGE4ZQtL8ZfYxAJxxQ/s400/7.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><b><span style="color: #33ccff;">Pedaging komersial</span></b><br />
<div>Avian<br />
Arbor Acress<br />
Cobb<br />
Ross<br />
Shaver<br />
Lohman<br />
Hubbord<br />
Hybro<br />
Hubbard<br />
Pilch White<br />
Asia 131<br />
Arbor Acress<br />
Kabir<br />
Tatum<br />
Hand Meat Nick </div><br />
<div><span style="color: #33ffff;"><b>Penelur</b></span><br />
Lohman<br />
Isa Brown<br />
Golden Comet<br />
Hisex<br />
Hyline<br />
Goldline<br />
Sitaver<br />
H&N<br />
Bab cock<br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438514178110552274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD0bBFvnuyu0W0SJxK5uZlVzjmVZihMWfXCZ8GR5Tot4z4V5_sFruQcHKwrH-TSLWFLwVqDCZ5fNWuc0gecqwQo3ro_JpagcobaDpM84_aps_iNH4Q7uOrwSC4du3zjMjo2g3R0i_8HA75/s400/4.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438514702415936626" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTg_rnKhQ21yayjhTg9qsX48HnffaLrguOKu1h5TbbUzojTyAOs8_jHFwIqLOfkzDWJv86AOEJ02Y-HgQlt6z9DHjcBxk5nx3_xglWE-M0bELlCU3kOwm2CaWbmYOSsJ24i1sAhjGfxPeG/s400/6.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> <img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438515138469592658" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3sbIZMibY2JuJRfhljQNj3kc0BZChuBdxgXz4eFcT5oLUU8Rke5abFR1-eE1Pm_LcOExPdSb2ihziMlSdyw3nWjZhMe-Gp7Jq9X2PLUZjZWiImHuUE8SHGcR2xvh_v3byYmst4z8teDrR/s400/7.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> <b><span style="color: #33ff33;">Jenis pemeliharaan ayam pedaging</span></b><br />
-Intensif<br />
-Spara intensif<br />
-Integrated<br />
-Pemeliharaan cara lama<br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438516005445200546" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfAMTnuRMj14pGiMM0CmPlLtpKPBadNitPf-69yfIs5p3iIJhEOxj_2_dadyRwmv_bNbE3X99XqsYY8MeY97mR_2lB8zkCfIOohVRHnlTI95AvzM5qGM0YJ8JwGiq42tWpESByYpla5rEH/s400/279.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> <b><span style="color: #33ff33;">Faktor perkembangan pesat </span></b><br />
-Program kesihatan<br />
-Kawalan penyakit sampar/ Pullorum<br />
-pengwujudan kilang makanan<br />
-Pengimportan strain ayam yang bermutu tinggi<br />
-Teknologi canggih<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Sektor industri</b></span><br />
-Penternakan ayam baka<br />
-Menghasilkan telur bernas untuk tetasan<br />
-Jenis pedaging dan penelur<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Penternakan ayam komersial</b></span><br />
-Hasil produk untuk makanan jenis pedaging dan penelur<br />
-Hatceri (Penetasan) hasilkan anak ayam jenis penelur dan pedaging<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Penternakan tuai induk</b></span><br />
Jenis pedaging<br />
<br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438516880167253058" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu3yLCFpoYQEogZ4ZrV3JgaPrdEpP8UdFaQXK2tSliK91X2zzDyICS_HBO05evSMhZ8naFokdxIIyxnON9COVjyvsAznFgwaxx5lxlyskzcRJ6912M62kYy9WR6LdRp1AvhVsFDn1bw93O/s400/8.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> <b><span style="color: #ffcc66; font-size: large;">Asas penternakan ayam pedaging</span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ccff;"><b>Persediaan/ kelengkapan</b></span><br />
Alat induk ( Hover) berkuasa 30,000 BTU untuk 500 ekor anak ayam<br />
Pembentung dari cardbord/ papan lapis nipis setinggi 46 cm (18 inci)<br />
Dulang makanan,berukuran 2.54 cm X 2.54 cmX 0.15cm untuk 100 ekor anak ayam<br />
Bekas makanan gantung berukuran rentas 40.6 cm (3 buah) dan berukuran 30.5 (4 buah) bagi setiap 100 ekor selepas 14 hari<br />
Palong makanan berukuran 5.0-7.5 cm panjang bagi seekor anak ayam<br />
Tabung air dengan muatan 9 liter air bagi 100 ekor anak ayam sehingga 14 hari<br />
Bidai<br />
Digunakan bagi menutup keseluruhan bangsal yang hendak dijadikan perindukan<br />
Menghalang haba keluar dengan cepatnya<br />
Mengelakkan tiupan angin masuk<br />
Mengelakkan gangguan dari luar seperti manusia , burung dan gangguan lain menyebabkan terkejut dan stress<br />
Biasanya bahan yang digunakan adalah seperti kain kanvas biru , plastik biru atau Guni kampit dedak<br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438527524622773602" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgipT8A4P2NktijaBxHOROme7qKjv-WvvpOWdMeyqmK_8hE47k-vLkXZowc-SANjO7UO0BfeGDQnusIRN68Nx2Lz4ue1TYPwmZDhfsOC3HXPccfyUOLWmy8KTT03MK_0Gug5nK0QKcn6D8y/s400/21.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> <b><span style="color: #33ffff;">Ketaman kayu</span></b><br />
Ketaman kayu mestilah kering<br />
Ketaman kayu yang basah menyebabkan pembiakan mikroorganisma<br />
Ketebalan yang sesuai adalah 4”- 6” sesuai untuk memerangkap haba kepanasan<br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438517656929140402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFsZ-6RpsZWbn6qyewTiC7kxpdpaMqqnDQMi0yXmXmTVnMUcXQQDOx-KbJ8fWEEg0ndODEiuAmXxyyXgReU6hm-Vh3IY5qLpx4K4HPWjLZsd_184orsYJxBRNbnfVHD-B3XvL785qBYnqu/s400/20.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> <b><span style="color: #66ffff;">Pembentung</span></b><br />
Tujuan untuk kepanasan yang mencukupi<br />
Bentuk bulat untuk mengelakan ayam berkumpul pada sudut yang menyebabkan berasak sesak dan mati dipijak(tersepit dipenjuru)<br />
Keluasan 500 ekor antara 7 kaki hingga 9 kaki diameter dan tinggi 18 inci<br />
Bahan yang digunakan adalah kepingan zink/ kadbord<br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438518335255397346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVw42UPu1M9vSAtfSh8cxD-YeRfTTcgGygQX0fVFzbJw4VrD3cdYF0QjfLm1RTFPb8dI577ZVpaRLWbmbJ0lfZ58omFPAVKBpTK_MhOZ25Wd-kZbysnDo-BFpJT4bL7l1jC8qde14bs_nc/s400/10.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> <b><span style="color: #33ffff;">Alat pemanas</span></b><br />
Gasolec Hoover 30,000 BTU untuk 500 ekor<br />
Ia digantung di tengah-tengah supaya haba tersebar dengan sekata<br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438519218345956722" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxkvX4uhZTkF2eDPnEDKxKdG25E8ajTkQ40DsLHRNuk4buzx9UDUgrXU8aV1xKaBmsKd-2esu1H8FYsxYMbLY5Tgssk8dMDW4U6fph_OSy-OoSIcXPh1GGsHQ_u742KSmtmOgB43JC0up5/s400/19.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> <b><span style="color: #33ffff;">Dulang makanan</span></b><br />
Umur 1-10 h1ri bersaiz 18’’ X 18’’ x 1’’ untuk 100 ekor<br />
Letakkan dawai BRC bagi mengelakkan berlaku kaisan makanan<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ffff;"><b>Bekas makanan</b></span><br />
Umur 10-14 hari bekas makanan gantung boleh digunakan<br />
Umur 14 hari keatas 3 bekas makanan berukuran 16’’ untuk 100 ekor atau<br />
Umur 14 hari keatas 4 bekas makanan berukuran 12’’ untuk 100 ekor<br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438520260535865922" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghVgypyNk_ZkFLbDagDGD9zqbgJO2X1uFTC_S3JGg07c7fBUPcUK7b3weUJGc7OwWg5qb7ABc9OBaErE36HEwrMs4T7jjomC6yF4E6svcvpgAedBz8lc1qgMlwIbSRcPNo4lWmLSY2J2nv/s400/18.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> <b><span style="color: #33ffff;">Tabung air dan bekas air automatik </span></b><br />
Umur 1-14 hari bekas minuman 9 liter bagi 100 ekor<br />
Umur 14 hari keatas 2 bekas minuman automatik untuk 100 ekor<br />
Umur 21 hari 1 bekas minuman 2 gelen untuk 25-30 ekor</div><br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438519756302233858" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNP5muT6w1iWMUulkoShKt0V3k3dQU0OvLqu6cu3u4vuGuUG-pO7AHeKWnDw0F5WJJy2iBMng0tvhdiBP6xgVq4T4h5KxMRJMsv6K4AazZXRax7xjPHrwHJ3LpxLGaXDA9eoAF0eqvq0Uv/s400/17.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> <b><span style="color: #33ffff;">Persiapan Reban</span></b><br />
<div>-Ukuran saiz reban mengikut bilangan ayam dipelihara<br />
-Keluasan sesuai 1-1.5 kakipersegi seekor<br />
Ukuran untuk 5000 ekor ayam<br />
25 kaki X 200 kaki (1 bangsal)25 kaki X 100 Kaki (2 bangsal)</div><br />
<div><span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Sebelum anak ayam tiba</b></span><br />
Perumah anak ayam perlu dibersihkan sekurang-kurangnya 21 hari (3 minggu)<br />
Dinding lantai siling perlu didisinfektan dengan Bromosept, Potasium Permagnate atau Lysol<br />
Jika perumah berlantaikan simen bawah bahan sarap lama perlu dibuang lebih kurang 2 minggu baru tukar bahan sarap baru<br />
bahan sarap di isi kan setebal 4 inci tinggi<br />
Bahan sarap perlu disembur dengan bahan nyah jangkitan seperti Quantenary Ammonium Compound atau lysol<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><br />
<b>( Persediaan awal)</b></span><b><br />
</b>Tutup dinding Bangsal dengan kertas atau plastik Polyethylene tinggalkan sedikit ruang dari bangsal untuk pengudaraan<br />
Sediakan satu bekas berisi pembasmi kuman untuk celup kasut sebelum memasuki bangsal<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Pengurusan Perindukan</b></span><br />
Buat perindukan anak ayam dengan ukuran rentas 214 cm untuk 500 ekor<br />
Alas lantai perindukan dan isikan ketaman kayu setebal 8-13 cm<br />
Isi air minuman kedalam bekas dan tempatkan kedalam perindukan<br />
isikan makanan kedalam palung tempatkan dalam perindukan<br />
Gantung alat pemanas hover di tengah bulatan 91 cm tinggi<br />
Sekiranya anak ayam stress atau lewat sampai elok air minuman ditambah dengan Glukos untuk pemberian tenaga segera ( anti stress)<br />
Anti stress berikan 2.5-50 % larutan glukos (campur 2.5-5.0 grm glukos 100ml/ liter air)<br />
nyalakan hover beberapa jam mengikut keadaan untuk memanaskan kawasan supaya menyamai suhu keliling<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Keperluan alat pemanasan / perindukan palsu</b></span><br />
1. Minggu pertama hover perlu dihidupkan 24 jam<br />
2. minggu ke dua atau hari kesepuluh bergantung pada cuaca dan suhu dalam reban biasanya hover dihidupkan hanya diwaktu malam<br />
3. Minggu ketiga tidak perlu alat pemanas lagi kecuali hujan lebat atau cuaca terlalu sejuk<br />
Pengaruh suhu bagi ayam daging<br />
· Kawalan suhu<br />
· Umur sehari 35°C<br />
· 2-7 hari 33°C<br />
· 8-14 hari 28°C Suhu paling optima untuk ayam pada umur 4 minggu 23°</div><div><span style="color: #33ff33; font-size: 180%;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Ketibaan anak ayam</span></b></span><br />
1. Tiba anak ayam kira anak ayam dan beri vaksinasi ranikhet F melalui titisan hidung sebelum memasukkan dalam perindukan<br />
2. Timbang untuk mengambil berat purata<br />
3. Lepaskan anak ayam berhampiran dengan bekas minuman bercampur anti stress<br />
4. beri makanan permulaan 1 jam berada di dalam perindukan<br />
5. Pastikan anak ayam selesa, perhatikan beberapa jam<br />
6. Pastikan suhu 33°C hari pertama perhatikan kelakuan anak ayam semasa dalam perindukan cukup hangat dan sesuai<br />
7. suhu perlu dijaga selama 3 hari 23-33°C<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAdjZK_JdIIYKsz__67OjeF2PUiNV8lj2oQ4ygyn5t9ftsleyRUiAc4OhFF6Lj5SGqtfhG3XqdXoDGYvbDQyw3Wae-oHGFvGWA4QYnwT7eEQxjAwreLNrSTz_1fGQnkyQlWEHq2-GsDnH0/s1600-h/23.bmp"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438521726286318530" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAdjZK_JdIIYKsz__67OjeF2PUiNV8lj2oQ4ygyn5t9ftsleyRUiAc4OhFF6Lj5SGqtfhG3XqdXoDGYvbDQyw3Wae-oHGFvGWA4QYnwT7eEQxjAwreLNrSTz_1fGQnkyQlWEHq2-GsDnH0/s400/23.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438521246436626738" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOhdg9ottmzsdwpsbRXX9C7Rp7MUhxLwhKcExTmIa9KbMHfKy1_Dka68bNKQpBDGWv4EE75lGtISMPSqfjqP1RPGSGScyIsYlpRb59sYsfDPJAB6_VH703JG1OkEtVxOVXjtjkMmcjS1jH/s400/14.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438521058049044994" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ21U7cuWBz7plenBqHduvy42kL7R4XONWPkQpXHwidzIogPPEQXTHN6btqYbvzdOa2jjub5l3o7yE0zTiudcim6bYFhFBW-gk_pJ6PZoLhahN60Wlq0KeEhyXOECg5bmz0mFPBG1HX34u/s400/24.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #33ff33; font-size: 180%;">Umur 1-4 minggu</span></b></span><br />
<div><span style="color: #66ffff;"><b>Minggu pertama</b></span><br />
Anak sampai, suntik vaksin raniket F dengan titisan hidung anak ayam<br />
Lampu dipasang dan alat pemanas24 jam<br />
Dinding dawai rumah ayam hendaklah ditutup dengan plastik mengadakan pengudraan yang baik<br />
( Umur 6 hari) Potong paruh bahagian atas lebih rendah dari bahagian bawah<br />
Mengadakan pengepungan supaya anak ayam menghampiri alat pemanas ( jarak 3-4 kaki jarak dari alat pemanas)<br />
Beri makan sebanyak mana yang boleh.Memberi makanan jenis permulaan Starter air minuman bercampur anti stress 3 hari pertama<br />
Tukar air minuman setiap hari<br />
tukar sampah-sarap basah yang kotor dibalik-balik atau ditambah<br />
Rekod bilangan kematian dan pengambilan makanan<br />
Timbang berat badan pada hujung minggu<br />
kira kadar penukaran makanan<br />
Kepungan diperluaskan<br />
Kurangkan 1°C setiap dua hari hingga 27°C pada hari ke 16<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6nijtbwlC86oj_hBJzm03EsV5TVa0A3vPeTCVt4K_ZD4NXyCMHDRlzTsx41_GzCgoEPgdMqu_88C1E0sqRLKR4VkpFLo0ICkVwxXIO66-18vJYm8jSGKL8tlAvtWrqMny0xUg3cMnH_83/s1600-h/16.bmp"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438525077823997106" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6nijtbwlC86oj_hBJzm03EsV5TVa0A3vPeTCVt4K_ZD4NXyCMHDRlzTsx41_GzCgoEPgdMqu_88C1E0sqRLKR4VkpFLo0ICkVwxXIO66-18vJYm8jSGKL8tlAvtWrqMny0xUg3cMnH_83/s400/16.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> <b><span style="color: #33ff33; font-size: large;">Minggu kedua (8-14 hari)</span></b><br />
<div><div><div>1. Beri makan 3 kali sehari<br />
2. Beri air bercampur anti stress pada awal minggu<br />
3. Pasang alat pemanas pada waktu malam atau cuaca sejuk sahaja<br />
4. Naikkan bidai disiang hari dan turunkan diwaktu malam<br />
5. Tukar sampah- sarap basah<br />
6. Luaskan alat pengepungan<br />
7. Bancuh veksin IBD dalam minuman<br />
8. Timbang anak ayam pada hujung minggu ambil rekod, kira kadar penukaran makanan<br />
<br />
Umur 2 minggu pertama ayam daging adalah kritikal, sebarang keadaan persekitaran yang merencatkan pembesaran pada peringkat ini perlu diatasi segera mengelakkan masalah yang akan lebih serius lagi pada mingu-minggu berikutnya<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO0vRbk8xMIup5Cxn6ekLMrbppSS1XJfnq6Qh_nY5f253aNlPm5zM2hVscWzizuMFvb-9E1Ijm4Io3RRU2pQHwPInFj2JIRdYhZyziy_IqkH4Vh7pLhiGSRecGbHme1WTftAtWoGDhOfWr/s1600-h/13.bmp"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438524868213393058" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO0vRbk8xMIup5Cxn6ekLMrbppSS1XJfnq6Qh_nY5f253aNlPm5zM2hVscWzizuMFvb-9E1Ijm4Io3RRU2pQHwPInFj2JIRdYhZyziy_IqkH4Vh7pLhiGSRecGbHme1WTftAtWoGDhOfWr/s400/13.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> <b><span style="color: #33ff33; font-size: large;">Minggu ketiga (15-21 hari) </span></b><br />
<div>Musnahkan bangkai anak ayam yang mati<br />
Singkir mana yang lemah atau cacat<br />
Pasang alat pemanas di waktu malam sahaja<br />
Kepungan dibuka supaya anak ayam lepas bebas di dalam reban<br />
Mula menggunakan bekas makanan yang bergantung ( 1 unit untuk 25-30 ekor)<br />
Suntikan Vaksin Fowl pox dibahagian Nipis ( Web) pada kepak<br />
Tukar makanan jenis penggemukan secara beransur-ansur pada hari ke 21-28<br />
Gunakan bekas minuman automatik (1 unit untuk 100 ekor)<br />
9. Timbang anak ayam pada hujung minggu ambil rekod, kira kadar penukaran makanan<br />
<br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438522564771077666" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8ORKGjs4BGT0AgizM1hNejl_Oi91u-Ifp9TJ8EoNxKyJ6_17V8yAKChXdn1chKi8aA-j-I9fJcC4lpMIgyl-ltg4OnMRd8C4mAfSxgh2UTybrzExf2Pd6RVrCCy-4_6zT4vpPmk_0QCW6/s400/11.bmp" style="display: block; height: 303px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> <b><span style="color: #33ff33; font-size: large;">Minggu keempat (22-28 hari)</span></b><br />
Keluarkan alat pemanas<br />
Beri makan 2 kali sehari<br />
Bekas air minum dan makanan digantung sama paras dada ayam<br />
Beri air bercampur anti stress<br />
Bidai perlu dibuka terus<br />
Tukar sampah sarap basah yang kotor perlu dibalik-balik atau ditambah<br />
Timbang anak ayam pada hujung minggu ambil rekod, kira kadar penukaran makanan<br />
<br />
Minggu kelima(29-35 hari)<br />
1. Tukar makanan penggemuk Finisher perlahan-lahan<br />
2. Timbang anak ayam pada hujung minggu ambil rekod, kira kadar penukaran makanan<br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438526500943219842" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbZj404LYmrQsS8JxYCtqB_rr5hOOsrcuVP5NEIu-lCM7NqIDx-5wJ59u3RGlAIAZms1BjqdpuiTpRzWKpISkSIyqjOuDDaOLb0HmGKZkCTUNtjGGvYsHEPUERPLo9WI3V7o1KT0AsfqJt/s400/12.bmp" style="display: block; height: 235px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 314px;" /><b><span style="color: #33ff33; font-size: large;">Minggu keenam- ketujuh (36-42 hari)</span></b><br />
<div>100% makanan penggemuk Finisher<br />
Hentikan pemberian ubat antibiotik kepada ayam jika digunakan dalam minggu sebelum itu<br />
Timbang anak ayam pada hujung minggu ambil rekod, kira kadar penukaran makanan<br />
Umur 35- 42 hari dengan pencapaian berat badan 1.6-1.9kg adalah paling sesuai dipasarkan<br />
-Boleh dipasarkan secara jualan hidup atau jualan selepas proses<br />
-Urusan penangkapan lebih sesuai di waktu malam atau awal pagi<br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438526347929825314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6aDy_5YYMtFyeLx4VMrqn0iZg2YGWxLHU3O_kaPA5nBAaalWmwCPHBHJJZObFFHwSwa91IMjSGc_QHm8rCpUiCQRtR3H9UWwWtcpPDEUut_v16qHQLGEDbUhU9g2l9JARCjd_e7mBjUh_/s400/9.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><b><span style="color: #33ff33;">Memotong paruh ( ini pada anak ayam Penelur saja) </span></b><br />
Tujuan elak pematukan sesama sendiri dan pembaziran makanan<br />
-Potong ketika umur 6-9 hari atau 10-12 minggu<br />
-potong lebih kurang 4.5 mm dari lubang hidung<br />
-muncung bayah lebih panjang dari muncung atas<br />
- sekiranya berlaku pendarahan kelar dengan besi panas<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Pengurusan makanan</b></span><br />
Pemberian makanan adalah bergantung kepada umur anak ayam pertukaran makanan perlu dilakukan secara perlahan-lahan<br />
Pengurangan pengambilan makanan adalah disebabkan jualan pada minggu ke5<br />
2 jenis makanan<br />
Makanan permulaan- 1-4 minggu –Protin kasar 22-24 %<br />
Makanan pengemukan –5-7 minggu protin kasar 19-20 % </div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438529160998350386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7YzZeUu0z-bLczqXTtw0EzfgWo91A-Xe_K69WZN8wszGIlaSXrALJcTpRSr2eV4F-XZkMkXQe-v1Unh0P4MJhhzBRrJMOfqgb_D8E5jXj8hmNOXC9Vo2kh9x1j6SQhyphenhyphenM2GhlvNXqQkpHT/s400/28.bmp" style="display: block; height: 299px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438530028609860818" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMmK6eHxmgt_Zv6LgRjktNYOzr7JiDgBbSioF5AoGIOPVq9Ocl9VtxAaRMOV34rtoCN9WHyEuSLFEax05RFvQnDv-tT4ecxpmUHrvsoh-sx-VtLIWRAxpZegKooC2dNvVZcgnyGTXWcLQE/s400/29.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> <b><span style="color: #33ff33;">Pengurusan Kesihatan </span></b><br />
<div>Antara program kesihatan yang dilakukan<br />
1) Timbang mingguan<br />
2) Vaksinasi<br />
3) Pemberian antistress<br />
4) Pemberian antibiotik </div><br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438528552495912706" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjynI1xDWhF43NSphe8ExhW4fsZ2ez9YkmpDplN5ZhrG6dVdqCrz9nwXI-IKQKrIaw3ESFf_cKwFOdO6jFEnvwO22dQ7b7R0jTIZrHc_27e8yZcEOOkqyDpxsgd9cy_-59_jJ4ZZ86PeVoP/s400/25.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> <img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438529640156014322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipa9naltHmDPLXEasleaoPxwr1PhIG_w4q120eIs82T0wUEn-r3FvNizPN9JVc-rofENOEEE93K2XEZGaevIB5NawB7C1dg9LEkLV2CVbJ93P0vSh2vVBskSyaezy1AE3qp2EZYBINV9X8/s400/30.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><b><span style="color: #33ff33;">Pemantauan kenaikan berat badan</span></b><br />
A)Anak ayam ditimbang pada usia satu hari<br />
Digunakan sebagai kayu pengukur kenaikan berat mingguan<br />
Anak ayam ditimbang sebanyak sepuluh peratus dari jumlah asal<br />
B) Timbangan akan dilakukan bila ayam berumur<br />
Seminggu<br />
Dua minggu<br />
Tiga Minggu<br />
Empat minggu<br />
Lima minggu<br />
Enam minggu ( untuk Dipasarkan)<br />
Umur 35-42 hari –Berat badan 1.6-1.9 kg boleh disembelih<br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438526703427155586" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX_I5bqAMvNdbfSArHr4X84svAF7dwJLJZWorQeaRIb33ZCR1fZpJICX1F0w9T0mmOEubJ7KfGunJ7goNuyDdqMOS_kFwwvQA-lM_mShcoqF7gutEqKcsWN_To7R2P3bCkMph6JUTpApTh/s400/15.bmp" style="display: block; height: 235px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 314px;" /> <b><span style="color: #33ff33;">Urusan penangkapan </span></b><br />
Hentikan pemberian makanan (beri air minuman sahaja dalam tempoh 6 jam sebelum kerja-kerja penagkapan<br />
gunakan penghalang jaring dan tangkap dengan cermat<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Penyembelihan dan pemprosesan</b></span><br />
Keperluan/ peralatan<br />
Pisau dan alat pengasah<br />
Bekas berisi ais/ alat penyejuk<br />
Mesin pencabut bulu ayam ( mesin Plucker)<br />
Alat pencelur ayam ( Scalder)<br />
Meja tahan karat ( almunium, Stainless steel atau marmar<br />
Alat penimbang<br />
Freezer 18°C<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ccff;"><b>Urusan penyembelihan</b></span><br />
Penyembelih perlu dilakukan mengikut cara islam<br />
Menggunakan pisau yang tajam dan bersih<br />
Dibenarkan menggunakan aliran eletrik 0.12 A selama 6 saat untuk mententeramkan ayam sebelum sembelih<br />
Proses pendarahan selama 2 minit<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Langkah Pemprosesan</b></span><br />
Sediakan air panas untuk mencelur<br />
suhu<br />
56°C selama 3 minit<br />
60°C selama1 minit<br />
Bersihkan kekotoran termasuk darah dan najis yang melekat sebelum mencelur<br />
Pastikan bilangan ayam untuk sekali proses sesuai mengikut kapasiti mesin Plucker<br />
Tebuk bahagian depan tembolok dan bahagian bawah otot dada dan keluarkan organ-organ dalaman dengan cermat supaya tidak pecah elakkan pencemaran<br />
Bersihkan karkas dengan air paip yang sentiasa mengalir<br />
Pemotongan dan pembungkusan<br />
Untuk jualan terus karkas perlu disejukkan 4°C<br />
Karkas yang hendak disimpan lama > 6 bulan perlu disejuk bekuan ke tahap –17.8°C<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Kos pengeluaran ayam Pedaging</b></span><br />
Maksudnya<br />
Kos diperlukan untuk memelihara seekor ayam dari umur sehari hingga dijual atau<br />
Kos diperlukan untuk menghasilkan 1 kg ayam<br />
Iaitu<br />
Jumlah kos (RM = ?<br />
Kuantiti pengeluaran (KG)<br />
<br />
<div><span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>1)kos tetap</b></span><br />
Reban / bangsal termasuk upah binaan<br />
Tangki air serta sambungan paip<br />
Peralatan penternakan</div><br />
<div><span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>2) kos berulang</b></span><br />
Anak ayam, makanan , elitrik/ gas/ air<br />
Vaksin dan ubat<br />
Susut nilai atas bangunan (5 tahun)<br />
Susut nilai atas peralatan (3 tahun)<br />
Faedah pinjaman bankPerbelanjaan luar jangkaan</div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3mmvryv-AN3eo6Ex51qxGJoQZ8huUm2qUe6rGjegC8v0hyQvd8Xk-54WrHdxLNLnd8iKYhq3dzRTGmEbDfjCf-MJ1N7zSyufrMEDC63dTnxbBJLlDoLd24RqjXkzI-piQIfLzLRevYx_m/s1600-h/jjj.bmp"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438535837986485010" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3mmvryv-AN3eo6Ex51qxGJoQZ8huUm2qUe6rGjegC8v0hyQvd8Xk-54WrHdxLNLnd8iKYhq3dzRTGmEbDfjCf-MJ1N7zSyufrMEDC63dTnxbBJLlDoLd24RqjXkzI-piQIfLzLRevYx_m/s400/jjj.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438532382857851746" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjogSOnooDMybjCxoBA0FBQ2OmAaiBBUAoVoAYENjyCs5MOOGnRTrmru-EGKHZvw5eUx5EPIH_j1eYYHzSCwSTDp5UVVrVOEIfPeGCzRhUkCK692ViPTrVb0zlOMtMgJBBOUOJKmYoLoyQR/s400/kkk.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438531921677575330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh81RizoMcCmqFRRitRYZ4SrxbElBBwRCJ0LyUHuHcddlPd-9k4o_qmz3aePrGMB5Tmp6ypJPAhSmOBE2DHvofr85NmhNxAgluIkarOaTo6pbIr4mIQVCHljF8PLrqMVDDNbwDy3NKLnBuH/s400/lll.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438531486652043250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-FNhPMgxQ9MTWQgnKU4p9O5t-tlTKs-7O99PCzrjLzB3ziLpRA5x8OoQ1oiIdFyBw5YVaazBfpdJJ4tKXUJfk6UhvB0qN9IovLikbi8fP0mh-zlhEAqNQHcRheO4-ihyziAnyzFDjrSm5/s400/zzz.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div>abu nu'manhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16261474192936969275noreply@blogger.com13tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2709303286609499961.post-75123873172480052542011-05-23T00:02:00.003-07:002011-05-23T04:39:28.261-07:00Garis Panduan Penternakan Ayam<h3 class="post-title entry-title"></h3><div class="post-header"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-2789496947304971235"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigUDIjxZKWrkJ5qdZ8I03m0P4sJxk7wWk54D3IFWOx5_X25-0eFb6i39ep5Z_FQ-TnQB2f1u-_cEsV0J9nSi0GbOnQLD2UCFSGVh8gdwyYhD5_R6PnrWjufzlghUXTZog9bLmxYZ2XFb6r/s1600-h/ayam.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438830002408578882" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigUDIjxZKWrkJ5qdZ8I03m0P4sJxk7wWk54D3IFWOx5_X25-0eFb6i39ep5Z_FQ-TnQB2f1u-_cEsV0J9nSi0GbOnQLD2UCFSGVh8gdwyYhD5_R6PnrWjufzlghUXTZog9bLmxYZ2XFb6r/s400/ayam.jpg" style="display: block; height: 352px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> <span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><b>Garis Panduan yang diberikan </b></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"></span></b><br />
<div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438819774217028578" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIcenEe1UCuMnV8haNk3EFGDIaaONEF7MoRufU_Yv452c1MWkCi4JEcbfuqWP0WqWXJtHHaDLpxqTkTSFvWaCeWUKH2h624ebk6_CGHjl8XxwDaiuf8fy81H68im9pcyl2Fv4E0Gf7F-GU/s400/11111.bmp" style="display: block; height: 287px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438820658648513362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVQpUCP78RiDUk6c8zkQw-YSr9kGBrzuelZO-kMZnTFHXDbOHewbg5a6suP8VCBbGYL7MuXfVXmQiaNFxwNKsWjpnDKAIzo-W6hBEwU5rolUUKEBqBjNFlZIo1VB029bbzVK22TLNNTTeK/s400/2222.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: 180%;"><b><span style="color: red;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438836912969329074" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh473ZyEzV6E3-bhz5NX0UJgKrDoWxGwVIO0Z30TZixo8IDMpx4DA9704qgD8TZwJyxlrm6LWO1ktY4Zn2YFHUJL_ELrkJwILd8U7Rq0-K3K9cZ3CmkOcf4VMKU14pAy1KGn_Lz-gQYZoma/s400/09_0809_P1_ayam1.jpg" style="display: block; height: 216px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 357px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">Pengurusan Ternakan..</span></span></b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;"> </span><b><span style="color: red;">Ape yang perlu dilaksanakan?</span></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Ketibaan Anak Ayam</b></span><br />
Kira dan asing mana yang sakit<br />
timbang utk ambil purata<br />
beri minum air anti stress 3 hr berturut2<br />
makan permulaan 1 jam didlm perindukan<br />
vaksin IB ND semburan mata<br />
Dilepaskan dalam pembentungan<br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438831678948793762" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggMtVU5ME7NMqmYT_3T7h5YLQrstts1rrFNNErTbWXwLXsnTfWnFZ2BAVJJN3NNuJO_vV8Lps6SpK9vCG0l_Hp3AWtPRH-3HbamTP6CGFOBIa898q79-642cue2-gxFd6oeOZ6ueNNmuCh/s400/imgname--chick_vaccine_delivered_in_ovo---50226711--images--chick_chicks.jpg" style="display: block; height: 223px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 350px;" /> <b><span style="color: #33ff33;">Minggu Pertama 1-7 hari</span></b><br />
makan /minum<br />
pasang pemanas 24 jam suhu 35°C (kurangkan 1°C setiap 2 hari hingga 27°C pada hari 16)<br />
rekod bilangan kematian timbang berat badan pd hujung minggu kira kadar penukaran makanan<br />
kepungan diperluaskan<br />
<br />
<div align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWAZYBdJilZVJ6Y5wK-9Ckr9BdWsXrtgMelYszWyo21kCFrLd8KT4AU00SSTTMnp_7e0fYH2ULLtrnASOjMCN9P2faWh8t3Chd_x2qLjEbBlbvqnyBYk2olhlX86_mBQoc72Zwc1_gyuSs/s1600-h/09_0809_P1_ayam4.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438836535910220690" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWAZYBdJilZVJ6Y5wK-9Ckr9BdWsXrtgMelYszWyo21kCFrLd8KT4AU00SSTTMnp_7e0fYH2ULLtrnASOjMCN9P2faWh8t3Chd_x2qLjEbBlbvqnyBYk2olhlX86_mBQoc72Zwc1_gyuSs/s400/09_0809_P1_ayam4.jpg" style="display: block; height: 216px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 288px;" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438836442117104146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglRF2NfvxnM8ldv4sbkF_Da2JueXkuLnRKskJGTlHyA13prGoVVykv7CfuBY7PoXk4N-eyFk2zg5dYsKlGUGUw58I4jZZWpAqkqHZ14sCHxMiBmh_r88dbN1Q1DQSWA9wITQOmrIG1jvp5/s400/09_0809_P1_ayam3.jpg" style="display: block; height: 216px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 288px;" />ANAK AYAM PEDAGING YANG BARU BERUSIA 2 HARI<br />
<div align="left"><br />
<b><span style="color: #33ff33;">Minggu kedua 8-14 hari</span></b><br />
Beri makan 3X sehari<br />
pasang alat pemanas pd waktu malam atau waktu sejuk saja<br />
Naikkan bidai di siang hari dan turunkan pd waktu malam<br />
Bancuh vaksin IBD Gamboro dalam minuman<br />
Rekod bilangan kematian timbang berat badan pd hujung minggu kira kadar penukaran makanan<br />
Kepungan diperluaskan</div></div><br />
<div><b><span style="color: #33ff33;">Minggu Ketiga 15-21 hari</span></b><br />
<div>Kepungan dibuka<br />
Vaksin ND Latosa Strain hari ke 18-21<br />
Fowl pox jika perlu<br />
Tukar makanan pada jenis penggemukan pada hari ke21 hingga 28<br />
guna bekas makan jenis gantung 1unit utk 25-30 ekor<br />
Automatik drinker 1 unit 100 ekor<br />
Rekod bilangan kematian timbang berat badan pd hujung minggu<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZqNpKkKebEhOgUJHj-yrsrnM1ObZNOHzFlTb6gGUBloylTjBxDZ10dHRb_YK192YBNndWQUod44X-hVT9OoqvR4K9o7P3WZJ6xN_E9Ki4GOaVft5YyA5DUlqLbztrEhrF8sAnZd2M-NCE/s1600-h/Image019.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438833972316785762" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZqNpKkKebEhOgUJHj-yrsrnM1ObZNOHzFlTb6gGUBloylTjBxDZ10dHRb_YK192YBNndWQUod44X-hVT9OoqvR4K9o7P3WZJ6xN_E9Ki4GOaVft5YyA5DUlqLbztrEhrF8sAnZd2M-NCE/s400/Image019.jpg" style="display: block; height: 240px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438833875118898594" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkO3Gxo5ki0E7zlMyfd3vOLK6yWEO_ZOHEAcJRwOn33sqwTwU77QGiCR3G4sXrJ2-O6hTzBNmvV3-ipkvbA3Vj86KrFFAkAaGgkHhSdx-O0HZ674HUfG-vPpy7V0H0v7SUGY82AT78_zqw/s400/Image020.jpg" style="display: block; height: 240px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438833567828691298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvoLn2EPhJTgAX49iXzWphTkN2ij3VJ-npRqsOYPhuWXd4flxECUdvR8173_2XL1lQZ1dkZap2k-pjr-OoR0I0jc41b6x70kDxGinT0zDfz3n_QkCVeo49ySHZ_QQcJ84DfxlTySMnQPdU/s400/Image021.jpg" style="display: block; height: 240px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438832926406824930" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZlqO_QfBmB8RNC-zyT7WZKCtKKQU91Vp8s2VrJIc4H4Gat5QGwGfHiYapxj14K0cvxE-MvzXTrxNQfbJkd5J3qYAt1Sw8FX6pdTw7wvcdxsoEctkY9whUpOkC0ktfjSxoxhe5Fv3i1j7P/s400/Image023.jpg" style="display: block; height: 240px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /><b><span style="color: #33ff33;">Minggu Empat 22-42 hari</span></b><br />
Bidai dibuka terus<br />
Timbang berat badan/ rekod kematian<br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438836734077128450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUXlg6qWx3LZVpF81ry9wHMsjr6AM0gRyJGMQwa2B7i_WaS9mayURwQvb6P6E57YwXOFSeKzPOubBF7DvpyBJDwdOwcSdPCYi0GNo4JmiX0Ru60a2Lqr0-s1ZjkqpevtU123Et_ZYxUtca/s400/09_0809_P1_ayam6.jpg" style="display: block; height: 216px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 288px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438836640203840706" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjDUJiFSFhJnr8mKOzqjKjTSqcB6GlKC-eiOgOt7v8sFM7b7cOXi2S9Lqux0IqG2KVsj2kuWpL1WYCz8gMJ3g3Kov6GH-3LgoFDmhnHLT23XWOOn73LlxE40uZtpP3cGwq2UYqEs_JoDkz/s400/09_0809_P1_ayam5.jpg" style="display: block; height: 216px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 288px;" /><b><span style="color: #33ff33;">Umur 35-42 hari</span></b><br />
Ayam mencapai berat badan 1.6 –1.9 sesuai utk pasaran<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #33ccff;">Urusan Penyembelihan</span></b><br />
Dibenarkan guna sturning eletrik dgn arus 0.12 amp 6 saat<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ccff;"><b>Urusan jualan</b></span><br />
Jualan terus karkes perlu disejukan pd 4°C<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ccff;"><b>Pembersihan kandang</b></span><br />
Biarkan reban kering dan dikosongkan sekurang2 2 minggu<br />
Cuci bersih & disinfektan<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438822692662544482" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsHRiXXazHz-S2M5U5z_U4Dztw_FPIt8MqpPkfC0aWuEOqHW_akKYB56cNiRPr2QFYN5DDTI46BouDU-r5TX33DL2hf9UIgde4YW1LOP5gGZjqBvaCuVKVKcoyX2JJEZFRhzOHtxWBUjc8/s400/3333.bmp" style="display: block; height: 291px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></div></div></div><span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Kawalan Penyakit</b></span><br />
v Beri vaksin ikut jadual yg ditetapkan<br />
v Pastikan ladang bebas penyakit<br />
Newcastle<br />
Vancomycin Resistent Entrococca<br />
Campylobacter<br />
Lysteria </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>abu nu'manhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16261474192936969275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2709303286609499961.post-88275100613032685632011-05-23T00:02:00.001-07:002011-05-23T04:29:34.434-07:00Ayam Penelur<h3 class="post-title entry-title"></h3><div class="post-header"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-8578874385980234877"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinELpVuxGK0pED9j0QVTA38h0Bf_aZdo-SHGoyenwMOHF7hrV0-L9NXQUqo9gOuOGYLedW0roKLCxw54wRhcCKWuGsq6WjhXF9FqRRiTiN2LqgbFypxFJG3BQLOfs4au69gg3qCzJBMAXj/s1600-h/a.bmp"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438545776684038082" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinELpVuxGK0pED9j0QVTA38h0Bf_aZdo-SHGoyenwMOHF7hrV0-L9NXQUqo9gOuOGYLedW0roKLCxw54wRhcCKWuGsq6WjhXF9FqRRiTiN2LqgbFypxFJG3BQLOfs4au69gg3qCzJBMAXj/s400/a.bmp" style="display: block; height: 298px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> <span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><b>Penternakan Ayam Penelur</b></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"></span></b><br />
<div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Baka Ayam Penelur</b></span></div><div>Lohman<br />
Isa Brown<br />
Golden Comet<br />
Hisex<br />
Hyline<br />
Goldline<br />
Sitaver<br />
H&N<br />
Bab cock</div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVgxP-wlokXaOId_mbUd6SneY0fJoOUMbqg88FR1eUDIoAx-cQdE2eeXk4Usl20gbsjhhwX5SYWaxYZagFnA7YU7Ufi-mFXe_KSaLdlg7Q2Fxcghe0O9233ff-zgj36NTS_dJrnRi7vsC4/s1600-h/7.bmp"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438542939818015938" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVgxP-wlokXaOId_mbUd6SneY0fJoOUMbqg88FR1eUDIoAx-cQdE2eeXk4Usl20gbsjhhwX5SYWaxYZagFnA7YU7Ufi-mFXe_KSaLdlg7Q2Fxcghe0O9233ff-zgj36NTS_dJrnRi7vsC4/s400/7.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438542489373653586" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisQd2nzxHQQ36_jCx2bNRH7quGKdzNg7aeRx_8tx4iyoca1IGbQQQM_pTRmBeZ7yYgay70msoqfa4gcuz8CFxHbqTs_wmRGy3h4wvYx-NTpotF6pSWsBQ4miM5kyvdQAbvzsto2lbYUnGR/s400/6.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><span style="color: #33ccff;"><b>Telur Ayam</b></span> </div><div>Antara ayam dan telur sapa dulu wujud? Ape yang pasti...Telur dikenal sebagai sumber penting protein yang relatif murah dan harganya cukup terjangkau. Bahagian kuning telur ternyata padat akan kandungan kolin, suatu zat yang dapat membantu perkembangan memori atau daya ingat. Telur ayam adalah sumber protein berkualiti dan mempunyai hampir semua vitamin dan garam galian yang diperlukan oleh badan manusia. Orang kata, telur merupakan sumber protein yang paling murah, mmg la sgt klu nak bandingkan dengan ikan dan daging, hampir 93 peratus protein drpd telur diterima oleh badan, hebat tue...</div><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438547376921663282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigNgQZVqYXEEB7yOPy91IP5kjVmmvGU0BHuQrfMRF2vNEUeVQeTKKcPFfMgOdiIrRk5pFhXe66F1p5zYHiV8YieyhTXzdGtRKb0sLhbIoy6XKpwntuGJXqn-zMss84lS9efBt3NqE_Twow/s400/bb.bmp" style="display: block; height: 361px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> <span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Gred Telur</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffcc66;">Harga telur Ayam Di Malaysia telur ayam dipasarkan berdasarkan sen sebiji mengikut gred. telur dikelaskan kepada beberapa gred berasaskan berat. Gred-gred tersebut adalah gred AA , A , B , C , D , E dan F. Harga telur ayam juga turun-naik</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ffff;"><b>Gred telur</b></span> </div><div>Gred A=64 gram<br />
B=57-63 gram<br />
C=50-56 gram<br />
D=42-49 gram </div><div>E= Bawah 42 gram</div><div><span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Piawai Antarabangsa</b></span><br />
AA-70 grm<br />
A -64 grm<br />
B -59 grm<br />
C -54 grm<br />
D -49 grmE -48 grm</div><div><span style="color: #33ccff;"><b>Fakta tentang telur</b></span>Telur ayam kini bukan hanya menjadi sumber protein mudah dan murah kepada pengguna, sebaliknya kini memiliki ciri-ciri dan fungsi tertentu seperti kaya dengan vitamin, mineral dan rendah kolesterol.<br />
Ayam betina yang diternak untuk tujuan penghasilan telur, tidak pernah dikelaminkan dengan ayam jantan seperti proses penghasilan telur bagi tujuan penetasan anak ayam. Seekor ayam menghabiskan kira-kira 110 gram makanan sehari. Bagaimanapun, telur pertama yang dihasilkan setiap ayam ketika berusia 17 minggu tidak mempunyai nilai pasaran kerana beratnya tidak mencapai 40 gram.</div><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438562881039137858" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYQcMj7SMIuBi3yAhQ-5rjxsP4ojuA7TPOnKwL3eF-r4w5Xqk6M3TyW4EUgh1BP_rPvfOnbtupg9HS01dK_TYisU1lhnht1F6HidZwJg5VUOYjW7o3vW06F0YAeEF_otNIlcggB8iTvEFx/s400/gggg.bmp" style="display: block; height: 301px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" />Setiap telur ayam mempunyai tempoh hayat 21 hari jika disimpan pada suhu bilik sebelum telur merahnya pecah dan membusuk pada hari ke 28. Hayat telur meningkat tiga kali ganda jika disimpan dalam peti sejuk.<br />
Bagi telur yang tersimpan lama dan tidak diketahui tarikhnya, pengguna dinasihat memecahkan terlebih dulu telur itu dalam piring, jika telur merahnya belum pecah, ia masih boleh dimakan.<br />
Telur juga boleh dikenal pasti sama ada masih baik atau sudah rosak secara dimasukkan ke dalam bekas berisi air. Telur yang rosak akan terapung kerana poket udara yang terbentuk dan membesar di dalamnya.<br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438550937575502338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU0-L7ublQM1UDIFRGXoBJWmC6_8UJc0dTx6ESRKgRKppgnXjSqhhmxNzq_XBaT5VLPjkS4HSRsGeY6PMVsFlDG5OLhgQB0ier0K0_T2VKaWiljPEu28DfrnodTi6wEfMjbyHAtL0lZd0w/s400/bb.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" />Seekor ayam telur di ladang mampu menghasilkan sehingga 280 telur sepanjang tempoh dua tahun hidup dalam reban.<br />
Selepas itu, ia akan dijual sebagai ayam tua kerana pada umur itu, ayam sudah melepasi tahap penghasilan telur yang baik apabila gagal menepati prinsip empat hari tiga telur walaupun kuat makan tetapi kurang bertelur.<br />
Setiap ayam mengambil masa 21 hingga 22 jam untuk menghasilkan sebiji telur dalam badannya sebelum dikeluarkan. Selepas berehat sekejap, proses penghasilan telur dalam badan itu berulang semula.<br />
Keadaan itu menyebabkan ayam terbabit hanya makan dan menghasilkan telur sepanjang masa kerana tiada aktiviti yang dilakukan dalam kotak kurungan dalam reban. Berikutan keupayaan ayam makan kira-kira 110 gram dedak sehari, ia juga membuang 100 gram najis untuk tempoh sama<br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438553358807609602" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSmgCukEJEnT9yOFVMFH-vn2YxJkvwhfhUlwFQpy7aLYqH3Cs3bHVNTg-vo8ck-hH49hiHm8uhXvHuWJplv9L4tNFsgavZe8KE6-5XQJ7tBJe8L89NUif3pEy6tuMGvUWLyjaFGeGtkQz7/s400/dd.bmp" style="display: block; height: 227px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 360px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438553790331365586" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsW2rSrtSrcpzNcmMfl_lU1MAFKkvpuf7E4uAUCJmT9M9iyNfPEMhpkQ1EG98wQRab4hE5M20-hmA-JurPqqyEJ-09mDvw3Hazyh8m8DJ7UaLeKoBZuoaYbtjesJeXtswVQwlJ4ay6a1Qm/s400/gg.bmp" style="display: block; height: 240px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /><span style="color: #33ccff;"><b> Reka bentuk reban</b></span></div><div>Saiz reban yang optimum adalah 40-48 kaki lebar, tinggi 7 kaki dan panjang 400-500 kaki<br />
Contoh saiz reban 12 X120 meter (40 x400 kaki)</div><div>Orientasi memanjang sebaiknya mengarah timur ke barat utuk mengurangkan kesan langsung pancaran matahari keatas ayam </div><div></div><div><span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Jarak reban</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #ffcc33;">Jarak antara reban sekurang-kurang sama lebar dengan reban bersebelahan<br />
Tiada pokok / bangunan menghalang peredaran udara bersih<br />
Kemudahan rumah tempat rehat pekerjaa jaraknya dari reban sekurang-kurangnya 15 meter dari reban</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ccff;">Kawalan lalat</span><br />
Pemantauan infestasi lalat menggunakan Scunder Fly grill mesti tidak lebih dari tahap 10.<br />
Rekod ubat ( eg Snip, Neporex, Norvatis)<br />
Stor tinja kering dan bersih<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ccff;">Kawalan bau</span><br />
Tahap bau terkawal supaya tidak mengganggu persekitaran<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ccff;">Kawalan habuk</span><br />
Tiada pencemaran<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ccff;">Kawalan bunyi</span><br />
Tahap bunyi dari aktiviti perladangan yang dijalankan adalah minima<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ccff;">Pelupusan ayam</span><br />
Dilupuskan segera secara sistematik samaada deep-pit, ditaanam, bakar (insenerator) atau kompos<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Kemudahan menggred telur</b></span><br />
Terletak tidak kurang 30 kaki dari ladang<br />
Bahagian berhampiraan ladang berdinding rapat<br />
Dicuci setiap hari selepas waktu bekerja<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Bilik penyimpanan</b></span><br />
Kalis burung (ditutup/ dipasang jarring)<br />
Kalis tikus ( Tertutup/ Adakan program kawalan)<br />
Suhu kurang dari 28°C dan bersih</div><div><span style="color: #33ccff;"><b>Perlunya Pencahayaan pada ayam pedaging</b></span></div><div>Berikan cahaya 24 jam sehari kepada anak ayam dari umur sehari termasuklah penggunaan cahaya tiruan setelah itu dikekalkan pemberian cahaya 12 jam<br />
( Cahaya asli) sehingga berumur 16 minggu<br />
Setelah itu tingkatkan pemberian cahaya ½ jam setiap minggu sehingga pemberian cahaya sebanyak 17 jam ketika umur 26 minggu.Kekalkan pemberian cahaya sehingga tamat pengeluaran<br />
Pemindahan ayam dara kesangkar penelur dilakukan sebelum 10 hari sebelum pengeluaran telur<br />
Isi ayam penelur kedalam sangkar penelur mengikut muatan sangkar</div><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438555390754224290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2PR5IXxRlidGHY8WxEs0ZHM3CGtd-zI5hz48YGBmR3IUI1ZnxRNx0fHahcI375mCbC_TViRPl9nI_p9kCISGC23e1kfJHdvEvvO40I6Fn08_-MJohD6yeDQhBwSsCGqfRw0ip0QtfYW0d/s400/hh.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><b><span style="color: #33ff33;">Memotong paruh ( ini pada anak ayam Penelur saja)</span></b><br />
Tujuan elak pematukan sesama sendiri dan pembaziran makanan<br />
-Potong ketika umur 6-9 hari atau 10-12 minggu<br />
-potong lebih kurang 4.5 mm dari lubang hidung<br />
-muncung bayah lebih panjang dari muncung atas<br />
- sekiranya berlaku pendarahan kelar dengan besi panas<br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438554095957890162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQh5mkdvORnBiBUlJYmq59pFgz1prhEsdNGjiBZ7iIQvRSD9WrOZ5vbvzPxQ_Ii0QlT_kNz0xGOY7JzoDpOAnSK0Mzp0lJnCC60fpnVgv4oX7PInBMyr67QzGlWgcBZaVXqN1KyIvg2BLJ/s400/ff.bmp" style="display: block; height: 263px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 350px;" /> Ayam mula bertelur antara 18-20 minggu<br />
Dikutip sekurangnya 2 kali sehari<br />
8.00pg –2.00 petang selepas pukul 3.00petang kurang telur<br />
1 ekor ayam telur memakan 110 grm layer mendapat sebiji telur<br />
sepanjang hayat ayam telur mengeluarkan 180-200 biji<br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438567151501390626" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWQ5DecNOsUCWDurDAfYoHlhK9zVNfo1rxuSN6X7uXFwzmMhfV7YlTevREf9SChsnlNiuKHbcjiBD9s9-F6fy7olqL6QXq8QMDNTWcSDdjJ386JgB9rwpg_zsVzuEqKl7_T3Pd5eEaoZO2/s400/grading+te.bmp" style="display: block; height: 216px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 360px;" /><b><span style="color: #33ff33;">Makanan ayam penelur</span></b><br />
<div>Makanan permulaan (Starter) 1 hari- 8 minggu<br />
Makanan ayam pembesar (Grower)8 minggu-18 minggu<br />
Makanan ayam penelur (Layer)18 minggu- tamat</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>abu nu'manhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16261474192936969275noreply@blogger.com29tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2709303286609499961.post-78261889158310699362011-05-22T23:59:00.000-07:002011-05-23T04:32:06.234-07:00Sistem Reban Ayam Tertutup<h3 class="post-title entry-title"></h3><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-2871411625366759365"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCCDsPB4vD_tpskVap1O6xfBMvGRUhTygWmr258xrS4fGwEhgaDnN9WjqNp82rpXUFrpVa7t3ZmEuR9Ybo9WPWfDDJVJAQLdG52zcLlEdi2LXEMIKDCkFTQZIiLQBwblEFqym6CMCE-9xy/s1600-h/ffff.bmp"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438878228110284386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCCDsPB4vD_tpskVap1O6xfBMvGRUhTygWmr258xrS4fGwEhgaDnN9WjqNp82rpXUFrpVa7t3ZmEuR9Ybo9WPWfDDJVJAQLdG52zcLlEdi2LXEMIKDCkFTQZIiLQBwblEFqym6CMCE-9xy/s400/ffff.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> <b><span style="color: #33ff33;"><a name='more'></a>Apa itu reban tertutup?</span></b><br />
<div><div><div><div> Reban yang keseluruhan bahagian bertutup rapat<br />
Kecuali utk udara keluarmasuk<br />
Pengudaraan dalam reban dikawal<br />
<div style="color: lime;"><b><br />
</b></div><div style="color: lime;"><b>Mengapa menggunakan reban tertutup?</b></div>Menyediakan persekitaran dlm reban yang selesa kepada ayam<br />
Dengan cara mengawal penudaraannya<br />
Dalam persekitaran yang selesa produktiviti ayam dioptimumkan<br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438857953849049746" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0SuWQAEX4uQLSy-F0qbEV-H0PuAUZSxYcJ1QtaoVI28l0z9xQ4kwRPH31Q9LKFu2PsIDMwVZxjhU33U51-ekpeED-7nmWgWYhftcbzxa23VD1qNX-g9TGWYqvrS_R_WfOrZ6xV3UDPJdM/s400/mmmm.bmp" style="display: block; height: 243px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> <img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438877016035776722" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvElpvSYKEzFAubDFsbI_6ysg5qAfzTF_8iV8id7xBNksvNW44GcXjcw0LgVZQNCIEQoiy3-DbVpwOW9B6LoQjZTGrLa28Oxc3G1WQ_9aXnEHbSx1yk0W7aCGEkoXecOwaXTTWL0FXYiab/s400/built.jpg" style="display: block; height: 197px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> <b><span style="color: #33ff33;">Kebaikan dan kelemahan reban tertutup</span></b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #33ff33;"> </span></b><br />
<span style="color: #33ccff;"><b>Kebaikan</b></span><br />
1. Pengudaraan dalam reban boleh dikawal<br />
2. Suhu dlm reban lebih rendah dari suhu diluar<br />
3. persekitaran dalam reban selesa kepada ayam<br />
4. perubahan suhu minimum dan maksimum dlm reban lebih kurang 4°C (24-28°C) berbanding sehingga 10°C( 25>35°C) bagi reban terbuka<br />
5. Ayam kurang mengalami tekanan kerana gangguan dari factor luar minimum<br />
6. Burung liar dan tikus yg boleh menjadi pembawa penyakit dapat dikawal<br />
7. memasuki reban<br />
8. Lebih banyak ayam boleh dipelihara kerana keperluan luas ruang lantai bagi setiap ekor ayam boleh dikurangkan sepertiga berbanding menggunakan reban terbuka.<br />
9. Najis kering mengurangkan bau busuk dan lalat<br />
10. Kos pengeluaran lebih cekap<br />
11. Pengambilan makanan dan penukaran kpd daging yang optimum<br />
12. Lebih banyak aayam boleh dipelihara pada saiz reban yang sama<br />
13. kos ubat dapat dikurangkan kerana kawalan penyakit<br />
14. kadar kematian dan kecederaan keatas ayam kurang<br />
15. Peluang pasaran dan eksport lebih baik kerana kawalan penyakit dn kualiti terjamin<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ccff;"><b>Kelemahan</b></span><br />
1. kos penyediaan prasarana, letrik, air operasi dan peyelengaraan tinggi<br />
2. Penusaha memerlukan pengetahuan mendalam dan komitmen yang tinggi dalam mengurus dan menyelenggarakan pengudaraan reban dan pendedahan peralatan.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ccff;">Jenis reban tertutup</span><br />
Pengudaraan terowong dengan system penyejuk sejat udara (Tunnel ventilation with evaporative cooling system )<br />
Pengudaraan terowong tanpa penyejuk sejat<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: red;">Kompenen reban tertutup</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 180%;"> </span></b></span><span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Kompenen utama</b></span><br />
1. Bangunan reban = bangunan tertutup rapat dengan lubang udara masuk dan keluar<br />
2. system pengudaraan<br />
kipas ekzos=Mengawal pengudaraan dlm reban kipas membantu penukaran udara dan menyedut udara keluar dan masuk reban<br />
Penyejuk udara= Menambah dingin suhu dalam reban<br />
<br />
<div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><span style="color: #3333ff;"><b>Bekalan Letrik jenis three phase</b></span><br />
Standby Generator= membekal letrik jika bekalan utama terputus<br />
Pengesan suhu dan lembapan ( Temperature and humidity sensor ) = mengesan suhu dan lembapan dalam reban.<br />
Alarm system = amaran kecemasan siren loceng berbunyi bila berlaku gangguaan peralatan atau tidak berfungsi<br />
Peralatan makanan automatik ( pan feeder, Auger feeder, Chain feeder) atau jenis manual ( hanging hoper)<br />
Peralatan minuman jenis automatik nipple drinker atau jenis manual ( plasson bell drinker)<br />
Lampu = kemudahan cahaya dalam reban selalunya cahaya warna biru dan hijau sering digunakan<br />
Set drug/ vaccine dispenser= peralatan memudahkan pemvaksinan dan ubat boleh dikawal dan cepat tampa tenaga kerja ramai<br />
Panel system kawalan automatik= panel disambungkan kepada sensor pada peralatan seperti kipas, peralatan makanan, motor pad penyejuk udra, lampu dan generator diselaras dan digerakan secara automatik<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #3333ff;"><b>Ciri Reban Tertutup Yang Berkesan</b></span><br />
Kedap udara = tiada rekahan atau lubang pada dinding atau tabir<br />
Kos binaan ekonomik dan kos operasi cekap<br />
Kalis burung dan haiwan perosak<br />
Penudaraan reban yang sempurna = suhu dan tahap lembapan hampir serata diseluruh reban , tekanan static dalam reban antara 0.05-01 inci<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #3366ff;"><b>Membina reban tertutup yang berkesan</b></span><br />
Menghala timur barat<br />
Binaan menggunakan besi atau konkrit lebih tahan tetapi jumlah tiang dalam reban dikurangkan supaya memudahkan kerja membuang tahi ayam dan memaksimumkan penggunaan ruang lantai<br />
Bumbung reban dari bahan ciri membalikan haba yang baik dapat mengurangkan bahang dalam reban. Bahagian tepi atau cucur atap lebar sekurangnya 3.5 kaki dapat mengurangkan sinaran cahaya matahari tau tempias hujan ke atas dinding dan pad penyejuk. Tinggi bahagian bumbung dari lantai antara 12-14 kaki dan bahagian tepi ( tinggi dinding) 7-8 kaki<br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><b>A)Bumbung bersiling</b></span><br />
Dipasang sedikit meninggi dibahagian tengah dan ada kecuraman utuk air mengalir kebawah jika terdapat kebocoran di bahagian bumbung. Mengunakan bahan yang kurang menyerap haba seperti zink almunium, aluminium foil, papan lapis dan plastik tebal.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><b>B) Bagi reban bertingkat</b></span><br />
<span style="color: red;"><b>P</b></span>engudaraan dan suhu ditingkat atas kurang memuaskan dan tinggi sedikit berbanding tingkat bawah. Jauhkan sedikit jarak antara siling dengan bumbung. Kadar pertukaran udara sekurngnya sekali dalam seminit<br />
Kelajuan udara bergerak didalam reban pada kadar minimum 400 kaki seminit atau memberikan lebih besar ruang bagi setiap ekor ( kurangkan bilangan ayam jika tiada pilihan )<br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><b>C)Bumbung Tidak Bersiling</b></span> =Bahan polyurethane foam<br />
Di semburkan dalam atap sebagai penganti siling. Bahan ini mungkin cepat mengalami kerosakan jika tidak diselenggara dengan baik, menyebabkan kurang berkesan sebagai penyerap haba. Meninggikan sedikit jarak antara lantai dan bumbung juga dapat mengurangkan haba dari bumbung.<br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438867471291014354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9orGKKIkRe2L5Owb5rhJutPXAC-vHQHuzh-CwenTIHJP3_SOkH_2mxTQAgHXjB5z2zl5982dudG6-WJCjHje0IUGOxSnSQ0p5ikxG9d9P4biyzZu6W7pS2dOtCmDA-a_i6KoDgDVqFXyE/s400/kkkk.bmp" style="display: block; height: 305px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><br />
<span style="color: #3333ff;"><b>Dinding dan tabir</b></span><br />
Ciri-ciri bahan dinding<br />
Bahan digunakan hendaklah mempunyai cirri-ciri berikut<br />
v Tidak menyerap haba<br />
v Mengurangkan radiasi dari luar<br />
v Kedap udara<br />
v Tidak mudah koyak</div><div>v Mudah dibersihkan<br />
v Boleh dicuci hama dengan berkesan<br />
v Warna yang sesuai putih daan tidak bersinar kuat<br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438860501851199250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrwZiEwop8_ujzsYX1FPKAUW_Keg3EirTW9RIa9ELo480FTLfnq6q-XxPLi9TtM8P5VLGnIT-hOHXm-BEfB14f0GwS9Y_mJKny1A5I2wQ5SHKc0OLpHR4luDKWu6pXWdzBEU5We9ieJW51/s400/vvvv.bmp" style="display: block; height: 294px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><br />
<span style="color: #3333ff;"><b>Jenis dinding</b></span><br />
Dinding reban boleh dibina kekal atau boleh dibuka apabila perlu<br />
<span style="color: #3333ff;"><b><br />
Dinding kekal</b></span><br />
v Berisiko apabila berlaku kerosakan kipas bekalan letrik putus atau standby generator tidak berfungsi<br />
v Dinding kekal adalah seperti kepingan alumunium tebal atau galvanized lacguered sheet metal<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #3333ff;"><b>Dinding Tabir (Curtain )</b></span><br />
v Ia digalakan kerana dinding jenis ini boleh dibuka , ditanggal, naik atau jatuh dengan sendiri apabila berlaku kenaikan suhu reban ketahap yang menjejaskan ternakan.<br />
v Tabir dinding boleh dibuat daripada plastik atau kanvas<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #3333ff;"><b>Memasang Dinding tabir</b></span><br />
Bahagian tepi reban dipasang dawai BRC atau dawai mata punai atau setidaknya jarring menangkap ikan. Tabir di kepit rapat kedinding utuk memastikan seluruh bahagian reban tertutup rapat dan mencapai tahap kedap udara yang tinggi<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #3333ff;"><b>Lantai Reban</b></span><br />
<br />
v Reban setingkat sebaiknya menggunakan lantai simen<br />
v Reban berlantai atas jenis slat pula diperbuat daripada kayu beruti 1.5 inci X 1 inci atau Slat plastik<br />
v Bagi reban bertingkat, lantai tingkat atas boleh mengunakan simen atau papan lapis.Jika mengunakan papan lapis pastikan ruang kedua-dua tingkat kedap udara supaya pengudaraan tingkat atas dan bawah tidak bercampur<br />
v Slat kayu atau plastik boleh juga dipasang di atas lantai simen reban setingkat atau bertingkat. Slat dipasang 2-3 kaki tinggi dari lantai. Slat dari kay lebih murah boleh dibuat sendiri tetapi jarak tidak seragam.jarak antara kayu antara 0.5 inci. Jarak lebih besar menyebabkan anak ayam bolos ke bawah atau kaki ayam tersepit.<br />
v Jika reban berlantai atas, lantai hendaklah cukup tinggi (6-7 kaki) supaya kerja-kerja membuang tahi ayam sama ada manual atau mengunakan jentera pemungut najis mudah di jalankan.<br />
<span style="color: #3333ff;"><b><br />
Sarap lantai</b></span><br />
Bahan seperti ketaman kayu lebih sesuai kerana<br />
Keupayaan menyerap air, mudah hancur dan sebati dengan tahi<br />
<br />
Tebal sarap lantai antara 5-8 inci<br />
<br />
Bagi reban bertingkat sebelum diletakkan sarap, lantai atas di alas dahulu dengan plastik atau kanvas yang kedap udara dan air.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #3333ff;"><b>Kipas</b></span><br />
Reban jenis bertingkat = Dipasang di setiap tingkat<br />
<br />
Reban berlantai atas<br />
Tingkat atas<br />
Kipas dipasang berfungsi utk pengudaraan<br />
<br />
Tingkat bawah<br />
Kipas dipasang bagi pengeringan tahi ayam<br />
Kipas dipasang dihujung belakang reban<br />
Jika tidak mencukupi utk menampung bilangan kipas boleh dipasang hujung sisi reban<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Tinggi kipas dari lantai</b></span><br />
Kipas dipasang pada ketinggian 8-12 inci dari paras lantai<br />
Jika terlalu tinggi menyebabkan pengudaraan berhampiran bahagian kipas kurang baik dan suhu tinggi, jik dipasang terlalu rendah kelajuan pergerakan udara melepasi paras ayam menyebabkan ketidak selesaan ayam.<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b><br />
Penghadang habuk</b></span><br />
Dibina jika habuk yang disedut keluar mendatangkan kemudaratan pada persekitaran diluar.<br />
Menggunakan jaringan nursery atau kepingan zink dibina dibahagian hadapan kipas (jarak antara 30 kaki dari kipas)<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Sistem penyejuk udara</b></span><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438877663987862722" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhglaolaWDKKYHKI3KJ5ewPRbKzsEBQB03CslroGTx70Ktg3Vt3z7V4GBcoafa1nHN8ZU1zuj_EfNjv9CVvVN3NknAzqpPoNoyM0R71A1XMIMXulPUvd_mKApHVkRnWq_0lchmeTGp1DdHR/s400/DSCN2806.JPG" style="display: block; height: 240px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /> <b><span style="color: #33ff33;">Kaedah penyejukan udara dalam reban</span></b><br />
v Ventilasi terowong tanpa pad penyejuk<br />
Suhu reban boleh diturunkan antara 4-7°C lebih rendah berbanding suhu diluar. Lubang udara di bina di bahagian depan dan kipas ekzos di bahagian belakang reban lebih sesuai utuk teknik mendingin ayam<br />
v Vetilasi terowong dengan system penyejukan sejatan<br />
Suhu reban dapat diturunkan 6-12°C berbanding suhu luar<br />
Tiga kaedah menyejat udara boleh digunakan iaitu<br />
1. Menggunakan pad penyejuk yang diperbuat daripada selulos<br />
2. Semburan halus air ( mist/fogger) terus ke udara dalam reban<br />
3. semburan halus air keatas system lipatan tabir jarring yang dipasang pada dinding reban<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #33ff33;">Memasang Pad Penyejukan Udara</span></b><br />
v Pad penyejukan dipasang pada ketinggian lebih kurang 8-12 inci dari lantai ( sama paras dengan kipas)<br />
v Jika menggunakan lipatan tabir plastik dan semburan halus air, hendaklah dari saiz yang sesuai. Jaring Nursery/ green house ( saiz 16) lebih sesuai kerana ia dapat memerangkap butiran air yang disembur dengan lebih baik<br />
v Atap lebih kurang 2.5-3 kaki lebar dipasang dibahagian pad penyejuk bagi mengelakkan kesan cahaya panas dan hujan yang memudahkan pad rosak atau berkulat<br />
v Jaringan halus dipasang di bahagian luar pada jarak 2.5-3 kaki pada pad bagi menghalang habuk atau kotoran di sedut bersama udara memasuki pad.<br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438859684826385570" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjIw0AiWrKFGNDM4JENYSSMqz4uVm0etorc7teUNlLaF4NI2h0oNTsHMjiQb_4y0Rg2ToutpqO2xD1EnDbJktAkF3ENnkluT4kOI-w4HBSWC1Q4wAaEOH7zvH11nafoYy7-2XbI9RmBozN/s400/nnnn.bmp" style="display: block; height: 388px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> <img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438861059174335554" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzx1jwdvQnY8XIpDkQCgsLRe61tKfxSEPaRjggXrgy6tvRiS7aXsbFGXp2QI5Q7C1OvpV1kfL8IrX3ceK9Vg8dOopElx_AsxU_LYsDz3Bl1ZDAtrDiZB5ULfz32Gp_SF7c6f4Fu2JS0ai-/s400/bbbb.bmp" style="display: block; height: 297px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> <b><span style="color: #33ff33;">Bekalan Eletrik</span></b><br />
v Jenis “ tree phase”<br />
v Bekalan stabil 24 jam berterusan 24 jam<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Standby generator</b></span><br />
Standby generator disambung kepada panel kawalan automatik supaya ia dapat digerakkan secara automatik sebaik sahaja bekalan utama terputus<br />
<br />
Menggunakan generatoryang tidak berbunyi kuat supaya tidak mengganggu ayam dan penduduk sekitar<br />
<br />
Menggunakan generator berkapasiti bersesuaian dengan keperluan dan kapasiti ladang. Sebuah reban yang berukuran 400kaki X 40 kaki memerlukan generator dengan kuasa 20 dan 25 kva.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Alat Pengesan suhu</b></span><br />
Pengesan suhu dipaasang di beberapa bahagian dalam reban pada paras ketinggian ayam dan di sambungkan kepada kawalan panel automatik.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Panel kawalan automatik</b></span><br />
Diletakan di lokasi yang sesuai sebaiknya diletakan di pintu masuk hadapan bahagian luar atau dalam reban<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Kelengkapan system amaran</b></span><br />
Dipasang di reban di pejabat dan di rumah penternak/ pekerja<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #33ff33;"><b>Lampu</b></span><br />
Tahap cahaya dalam reban perlu dikawal cahaya yang banyak dan terang menyebabkan ayam bergerak aktif membazirkan tenaga dan mengurangkan kecekapan makanan. Mengalakan kejadian patuk mematuk (pecking ) dan kecederaan ayam<br />
<br />
Tahap terang cahaya antara 5 dan 25 lux<br />
Warna lampu perlu sesuai<br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438866853139416082" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf_uak519GVRubyOWxa0Tp9X7VRFjFkjWODha8GAsIv4pjqGzh3J39cE2o4VcPpu-PFm8WH4GxJM9WsGSGsvl-vkQSWe8Iu0kQycR64aHdtAZBO0AYKeku-dE2R1PC9eSRUEvYalu08WbI/s400/lllllll.bmp" style="display: block; height: 353px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> <b><span style="color: #33ff33;">Peralatan makanan</span></b><br />
Penggunaan peralatan automatik digalakkan kerana<br />
v Meningkatkan kecekapan penggunaan pekerja dan mengurangkan dan meminimumkan kos pengurusan<br />
v Menjimatkan ruang reban dan memastikan setiap ekor ayam mendapat ruang lantai yang optimum<br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438870984096856146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHPReeneFHwY6xqp0Ws8IVMeBa9OSQyrcuJV31PoA3dOUAq0DLqKwg3ud6v8UhMQG_p6q5v98lRx4bAb-2wDfOkoHnrHIxzFYMi5lGVk04fZFpjZqs1raCpWepsFPKwGuf8JEjvnXT8CZY/s400/hhhh.bmp" style="display: block; height: 235px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 314px;" /> Udara masukKos per ekor ayam peralatan makanan automatik bagaimanapun mahal ( 2-3 lebih tinggi berbanding bekas makanan manual)<br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438856480555875170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4C1woCfBjXmkRaqg0z8UtBLhTfsNVP9QEjR8grd-wuWUT-rg1vbjW_BlYlL7NEhogdX9CuffOOkCjbkGqtry6xXtKPQRjkhpeESRwasqslWVT9Gek8W3I0KwJGoz6u_hx5lWBImSK5DQ4/s400/s3_6_img01.jpg" style="display: block; height: 167px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 336px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438856255285742770" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCre-fMp3qmcsLhU1pWjYpi975mkcGDajwe-5TtcH4ZJPjoqIOYaqeONK2wSO-D-uzBMrw2F-AySjpG7a5G5o09wUl_OYijXG3BKWFlwK0OabvuWi71aG264gG8IMYXjrkyTuZrGDnANhF/s400/s3_7_img01.jpg" style="display: block; height: 155px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 352px;" /> <img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438862692563071762" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf_2K74fUVOZ5oDa2EL4pHlvA1SgfPFo9LLuD3qMiox1lupvEbr-z6Eks8__68TSPg0e7H2NqwWDqiLBSBQnXBphTi6ntekMLTGNyEKwxFU2fiwe7NhbxDMV21XvK5WbdT8FLtqqCkG1iJ/s400/xxxx.bmp" style="display: block; height: 246px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> <img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438863854830841682" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4Bn-5w3EUR-1oOus3Gf5KLCkGimD1Vhi7EmeNnUFM-krhyphenhyphenl_UKIx9_Jh8kwBirxT3zCEv2IwEVMO1gvkucHZXYprl3up0ff8tEssC8qdsqg-2C58dH7QXCn81dv9Mo6xxEFhSC8VxowEx/s400/zzzz.bmp" style="display: block; height: 184px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> <img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438874772151691906" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-GW5lfJmdIjyI6PXOtpF7tiD5WPHjBVYlue1X8eRoQNIKPh6tKn72H74WFnST5YOE2kHTWwNCdC6sQ6FdEPQkc3bDix8dGNBkV7Kf1WjCtvBO1ff6iRJHHey2vBmNy0EplXQN4f3lUOYi/s400/untitled.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438872859378036770" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisPIvFKX86tTw_n_daMt-C1NgCltN7khpWMiIWLq76-uFLsE_ynSe3rDOcNTMygd9BJOGTe-7DpU6chGXBTckwEut5OOpOF6I1_KZXHVVT_QsxJ8eQCkLYR07hOiZhtTuCoWvNdB7Sx7oI/s400/cccc.bmp" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> <img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438877396465465586" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbFwhcYCgvBEUP7Hhs0RMAthtIhqmDzcaUl2HiBDyxqftZ3XPlo-OSFn_puBc6DKKB4M4iz-lxA8vCVs96cut2Tv7nrCPN6V_xz5uVvAYEugf5vjYLYMMLwS9oBzRdjsAIbYZFT8CkX7Le/s400/images.jpg" style="display: block; height: 171px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 368px;" /> <b><span style="color: #33ff33;">Peralatan minuman</span></b><br />
Digalakan menggunakan peralatan minuman automatikan kerana<br />
Menjimatkan penggunaan ruang lantai.<br />
Peralatan tidak perlu dicuci setiap hari, mengurangkan air minuman tumpah yang boleh membasahkan sarap dan tahi ayam. Meminimumkan pencemaran air minuman<br />
<br />
Kos per ekor ayam peralatan minuman automatik bagaimanapun mahal ( 2-3 lebih tinggi berbanding bekas makanan manual)<br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438869027809756242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRH8i8zZKmG4uyLAIPvsB-RE0hul5hBuP7_20v56Hj-jt7nkkEigC3qFVO_RohEokDq_31qwow1lZBZKhUzjMWSdpMPHRXSmnAOgGJC7CIHMOjQkXOVsb4cg0g6FWOwzYZ7Y-O2QRqLtug/s400/jjjjjj.bmp" style="display: block; height: 246px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> <img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438873472069107074" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIqQaI3gJjIlySIiIK0Eli0a1g1GrQ6Pub-GQyW4HybcDed2gn9F54TbGGgjufH8N1vdXdra31VFq0mfKJhipkXv60Lilgu-tuzktA56ufHsbD1vukPX5nBtJM3LcCg1iUh5l4u8kumx6k/s400/ayam.jpg" style="display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> <b><span style="color: #33ff33;">Set Drug/ Vaccine Dispenser</span></b><br />
Memudahkan pemberian vaksin dan ubat kepada ayam<br />
Tidak menggunakan tenaga kerja yang ramai<br />
Udara masukMenjimatkan kos pengurusan</div><div><span style="color: red;"><br />
</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>abu nu'manhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16261474192936969275noreply@blogger.com25